Re: kuduburgers to go

Loren Cordain, Bruce A. Watkins, Neil J. Mann
Fatty Acid Composition and Energy Density
of Foods Available to African Hominids
Evolutionary Implications for Human Brain Development


World Rev Nutr Diet. 2001, vol 90, pp 144-161


"With the emergence of species of our own genus (Homo habilis) at
least 2.3
million years ago [1], a rapid increase in hominid brain mass
relative
to body
mass (encephalization) occurred [2, 3]. Figure 1 shows that the range
of cranial
capacities for Homo habilis significantly exceeded that of earlier
Australopithecus
species, whose brain volumes remained constant for at least 2 million
years.
Slightly prior to the emergence of Homo habilis in the fossil record
was the
appearance of primitive stone tools [4] whose function was to butcher
and disarticulate
either scavenged or hunted carcasses of African prey animals [5, 6].
The
advent of stone tools as well as the appearance of stone-tool cut
marks on the
fossilized bones of prey animals suggests that early members of our
genus were
increasingly exploiting animal foods as a source of sustenance. This
dietary shift
from a predominantly plant based diet to one in which animal foods
became
increasingly important allowed for the relaxation of the selection
pressures that
had formerly constrained encephalization in Australopithecus species
[7, 8]."
---------------------------------------------------------------------------­----------------


http://www.indiana.edu/~origins/teach/P314/Bouri2.pdf
Page 628
"Fig. 2. Hominid modification to bovid bones
from the Hata Member. Photographs ©David L.
Brill 1999\Atlanta. White boxes show enlargement
size. (A) Successive enlargements illustrating
bone modiÞcations on a large bovids
right tibial midshaft (BOU-VP-11/14). Gray arrows
indicate direction of hammerstone impact
deduced from striae in percussion pits. Note
the large external conchoidal fakes driven off
by the distal percussor impacts and the adjacent
cut marks. These are the earliest documented
percussion marks made by hominids
who were presumably processing these bones
for contained fatty marrow. (B) Successive enlargements
illustrating cut marks on the medial
surface of a medium-sized alcelaphine bovids
left mandible (BOU-VP-12/11), presumably
made during tongue removal. Note the multiple
striae and shoulder marks in the SEM (used
with permission by G. Richards and B. Plowman).
These are the earliest documented cut
marks made by hominids."
23 APRIL 1999 VOL 284 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org



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