Re: kuduburgers to go




Op 04-11-2007 05:31, in artikel
1194150687.620895.295500@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx, Lee Olsen
<paleocity@xxxxxxxxxxx> schreef:

Try reading the facts before you mouth off your foolish coconut talk, my
little boy:

Cordain et al.(2000), in the tradition of the ‘open plain’ ideas, have
suggested that the brains of large terrestrial mammals may have provided the
Homo genus with the extra docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) needed to help fuel a
large brain. While we fully agree that the structural, cognitive and visual
development of the brain requires adequate amounts of certain nutrients
including DHA (Crawford and Sinclair 1972), we think the initial shift might
have included more abundant and easily obtainable DHA-rich sources such as
shellfish, crayfish, fish, turtles, birds and eggs (Broadhurst et al.1998),
although we admit that this alone is insufficient proof for a waterside past
(Carlson and Kingston 2007, but Cunnane et al.2007).
Brains and vision evolved in the animal kingdom more than five hundred
million years ago, whereby the principle building-blocks were aquatic fatty
acids (Crawford et al.1999). DHA (22c:6ω3) is a poly-unsaturated fatty acid
that has a chain of twenty-two carbon atoms and six unsaturated bonds (on
the carbon atoms in the positions c3, c6, c9, c12, c15 and c18 starting from
the omega-end of the carbon chain). It is the only omega-3 molecule used by
fish, amphibia, reptiles, birds and mammals for both visual and neural
signalling systems. Since the primary source of DHA is algae and plankton,
it is abundant in the marine and lacustrine food chains, but almost absent
in the meat, fats and offal associated with carnivore remains (Broadhurst et
al. 2002). This might partially explain why some marine mammals which eat
high DHA level foods have large brains (e.g., 1.8 kg for dolphins), whereas
it is hard to find a land mammal except humans and elephants with brains
that weigh more than about 1 kg. The rhinoceroses which inhabit African
savannahs weigh more than a thousand kilograms, but have brain weights of
about 400 grams, three times less than humans.
Other brain-selective nutrients are also more abundant in aquatic than in
terrestrial milieus. This is notably the case for brain-selective minerals
such as iron, copper, zinc, selenium, and iodine (Table 5). Of all the
major food groups, shellfish requires the least amount (900 grams) to meet
the minimum requirement for all five minerals, and is also the food group
for which these requirements are most evenly distributed. Eggs (2500 grams)
and fish (3500 grams), both more abundant at the waterside than in
terrestrial environments, are next, while 5000 grams of meat, five times
more than shellfish, would be needed to meet the minimum daily requirements
for all five minerals (Table 5). Iodine especially is more abundant in
littoral food chains than terrestrial food chains, and before the
iodinisation of drinking-water and salt, hypothyroidy caused by iodine
deficiency resulted in mental retardation and cretinism in millions of
humans who lived away from the coasts.
Rather than running over open plains to gain adequate nutrition, women,
children and the elderly could have collected all the brain food they
required without expending nearly as much energy, by inhabiting the water’s
edge. A littoral existence does not preclude the hunting, scavenging or
butchering of land animals (which often gather, drown and get bogged at the
water’s edge), nor the gathering of anti-oxidant rich plants, fruits and
tubers that grow in abundance in moist regions besides estuaries, rivers,
lakes and deltas (Wrangham 2005).

Got it a bit?

______




http://www.indiana.edu/~origins/teach/P314/Bouri.pdf
"additional major craniofacial changes must have occurred after
2.5 Ma, many of them as direct consequences
of brain enlargement. Novel behavioral shifts
associated with meat and marrow procurement
by means of lithic technology may have played
instrumental selective roles during this critical
and perhaps short period of evolution."

--------------------------------------------------

Loren Cordain, Bruce A. Watkins, Neil J. Mann
Fatty Acid Composition and Energy Density
of Foods Available to African Hominids
Evolutionary Implications for Human Brain Development


World Rev Nutr Diet. 2001, vol 90, pp 144-161


"With the emergence of species of our own genus (Homo habilis) at
least 2.3
million years ago [1], a rapid increase in hominid brain mass
relative
to body
mass (encephalization) occurred [2, 3]. Figure 1 shows that the range
of cranial
capacities for Homo habilis significantly exceeded that of earlier
Australopithecus
species, whose brain volumes remained constant for at least 2 million
years.
Slightly prior to the emergence of Homo habilis in the fossil record
was the
appearance of primitive stone tools [4] whose function was to butcher
and disarticulate
either scavenged or hunted carcasses of African prey animals [5, 6].
The
advent of stone tools as well as the appearance of stone-tool cut
marks on the
fossilized bones of prey animals suggests that early members of our
genus were
increasingly exploiting animal foods as a source of sustenance. This
dietary shift
from a predominantly plant based diet to one in which animal foods
became
increasingly important allowed for the relaxation of the selection
pressures that
had formerly constrained encephalization in Australopithecus species
[7, 8]."
---------------------------------------------------------------------------–--
--------------


http://www.indiana.edu/~origins/teach/P314/Bouri2.pdf
Page 628
"Fig. 2. Hominid modification to bovid bones
from the Hata Member. Photographs ©David L.
Brill 1999\Atlanta. White boxes show enlargement
size. (A) Successive enlargements illustrating
bone modifications on a large bovids
right tibial midshaft (BOU-VP-11/14). Gray arrows
indicate direction of hammerstone impact
deduced from striae in percussion pits. Note
the large external conchoidal fakes driven off
by the distal percussor impacts and the adjacent
cut marks. These are the earliest documented
percussion marks made by hominids
who were presumably processing these bones
for contained fatty marrow. (B) Successive enlargements
illustrating cut marks on the medial
surface of a medium-sized alcelaphine bovids
left mandible (BOU-VP-12/11), presumably
made during tongue removal. Note the multiple
striae and shoulder marks in the SEM (used
with permission by G. Richards and B. Plowman).
These are the earliest documented cut
marks made by hominids."
23 APRIL 1999 VOL 284 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org





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