Re: Genetic evidence.....

From: G Horvat (g-horvat_at_shaw.ca)
Date: 08/03/04 

Date: Tue, 03 Aug 2004 22:12:41 GMT

On Tue, 03 Aug 2004 14:46:31 -0400, Yuri Kuchinsky <yuku@trends.ca>
wrote:

>Seppo Renfors wrote:

>> > And also don't forget that some of them, such as those
>> > conducted by Rebecca Cann and JK Lum, DO support the
>> > American connection of the Maoris.
>>
>> Do you have a URL to this? The studies I have read haven't supported
>> it so far...

Seppo, you will note that Yuri used the word, "connection". There is
no doubt that a connection is currently recognized but some
researchers are more inclined to mention it than others.

I happened to come across both of these yesterday:

"The distribution of ... [beta-globin] haplotypes in Brazilian
Amerindian populations was investigated in ten tribes of the
Amazon region by Guerreiro et al. (1992, 1994) and
Bevilacqua et al. (1995), who obtained similar results.
Haplotypes 2 and 6 were the most common, and
heterozygosity was reduced, as compared to Europeans and
Africans. The results also showed that Brazilian
Amerindians are closely related to Asians, Polynesians and
Micronesians. ... These haplotypes were probably brought to
America by the first settlers of the continent, given that they are
also common in Asia, the probable place of origin of the
first migrants, and in the islands of the South Pacific, from
where additional immigrants may have come (Salzano and
Callegari-Jacques, 1988; Nei and Roychoudhury, 1993;
Ward et al., 1991; Horai et al., 1993; Neves et al., 1998)."

Genetics and Molecular Biology, 26, 3, 229-234 (2003)
Genetic relationships among native americans based on ß-globin gene
cluster haplotype frequencies
Rita de Cassia Mousinho-Ribeiro1, Gabriella Pante-de-Sousa1, Eduardo
José Melo dos Santos1 and João Farias Guerreiro2

---------------------------------
"Among them were women who carried mtDNAs that belonged to the Asiatic
haplogroups A, C, and D. It is possible that, by an alternative route
closer to the sea, a haplogroup B simultaneously entered the New
World, a group that was also Asiatic, but which is not found today in
Siberia like haplogroups A, C, and D. Today, and possibly also in the
past, haplogroup B is common from Central China through the Southeast
in Indonesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia." [and Japan, Korea,
Taiwan...]

Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology (2002?)
The Use of Mitochondrial DNA to Discover Pre-Columbian
Migrations to the Caribbean: Results for Puerto Rico and
Expectations for the Dominican Republic
Dr. Juan C. Martínez Cruzado

-----------------------------
The question is what does the "connection" mean?. Probably the best
illustration of the *complete* mtDNA sequence data which is relevant
to this discussion is the phylogenetic chart on page 1742 of the
following article:

Mol. Biol. Evol. 19(10):1737-1751. 2002
The Emerging Limbs and Twigs of the East Asian mtDNA Tree
Toomas Kivisild,* Helle-Viivi Tolk,* Ju¨ri Parik,* Yiming Wang,
Surinder S. Papiha, Hans-Ju¨rgen Bandelt,§ and Richard Villems*

The coding region portion of the Piman sequence obtained by Ingman is
indicative of the typical Native American 'B' sequences obtained by
Herrnstadt (although only about 18 in number). The Samoan sequence
has the Polynesian motif and is indicative of this type of sequence.

Some Asian sequences have already been identified which have variants
at position numbers 16189 16217 16261 10238 9123 and 5465. These are
the ones which, lacking 16247G and other variants, should have
preceded the motif phylogenetically. 10 of 11 Asian ones which appear
to meet this criteria were or happened to be located on the eastern
coast of Asia but many more will be identified in the future and many
more further south. Complete mtDNA sequence research is still new and
so the sample sizes are small but it is pretty exact.

http://www.oxfordancestors.com/papers/mtDNA02%20LimbsTwigs.pdf

Gisele

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