The Nature of Anatase...
- From: Seppo Renfors <Renfors@xxxxxxxxxx>
- Date: Thu, 14 Apr 2005 15:02:48 GMT
ANATASE
It is found as hard, brilliant crystals of tetragonal symmetry and
various colours in veins in igneous and metamorphic rocks and commonly
in placer deposits of detritus. Notable vein deposits exist in many
regions of the Alps. Much anatase is formed by weathering of titanite.
It also has several other names it goes by, but Sphene is the most
common of those. It is a common accessory mineral in intermediate and
felsic plutonic rocks, pegmatites, and alpine veins. In gneisses,
schists, and some skarns.
Titanite or sphene is a titanium accessory mineral in some granite and
metamorphic rocks, CaTiSiO5, occurring in usually small brown or
yellow crystals and sometimes large enough to be used as a gemstone.
The composition is
Calcium 20.44 % Ca 28.61 % CaO
Titanium 24.42 % Ti 40.75 % TiO2
Silicon 14.33 % Si 30.65 % SiO2
Oxygen 40.81 % O
More details here:
http://webmineral.com/data/Titanite.shtml
Also here:
http://www.mindat.org/min-3977.html
So now we know how "anatase" have come to exist in nature. Contrary to
Ken's claims it is not by calcining it exists, but by a common
everyday degradation of common everyday rock!!
Interesting that the colour of this material is said to be "brown or
yellow" as seen on the VM! The True Believers will now have another
avenue to work on for their conspiracies - one far more believable
than the "pale yellow" colour of the early manufactured anatase that
doesn't fit their conspiracy theories.
Let us face it one of the hardest working supporters of some undefined
conspiracy theory, totally without motive is Ken Towe. But even HE has
been forced to admit: "anatase similar to that seen in commercial
products can also be found in natural sediments" - Ken Towe
We know that as it is well know to exist - a potential medieval source
has also been identified - kaolin. Another is in the manufacture of
medieval inks as demonstrated is the case. So we have TWO potential
medieval sources for the anatase. The methods of either getting into
the ink is well understood.
There is only ONE claimed for "commercial grade anatase" (tmKen Towe)
which is LIGHT or PALE yellow in colour (at the relevant time) and not
as found on the VM. There is no explanation HOW the anatase came to be
in the ink. The fact is, it remains unknown if ANY BLACK ink had
anatase as an ingredient at the claimed time (1920's).
What we have is a claim by Ken Towe that the anatase found in nature
in kaolin is in "very small quantities". What does he base this claim
on? ONE single study by Weaver, one he misrepresent in any case - one
that he works to the hilt for effect, not fact. Does he know every
instance of kaolin's content of anatase - of course not. Weaver set
out to prove anatase existed - not the quantum in every instance of
kaolinite find as Ken Towe uses the study for.
One has to ask, how is it possible for educated people to hang their
hat on something as weak as the unproved source of "commercial grade
anatase" (tm Ken Towe) - that can't be shown to have been part of the
ink? A "theory" that requires a further impossible to achieve task of
"double inking" in order for the "theory" to hold water at all? At the
same time discard TWO possible and feasible sources, where the
mechanism of the anatase getting into the ink is well understood?
The original anatase pigments were of the anatase crystal form and
were produced as a composite with calcium or barium carbonate or
sulphate. This continued up to the late 1920's, by which time a non
composite anatase was able to be produced. The "claims" are that the
date of the "forgery" of the VM is in the 1920's. But unless some
traces of these composite materials are found, then the date has to be
discarded if the, for all practical purposes, impossible "theory" is
being adhered to.
However it should be noted that the anatase was initially used to
replace materials like white lead, a poisonous material, as well as
zinc oxide/sulphate and lithopone.
Everyone accepts that early anatase was impure - but True Believers do
not recognise other forms of TiO2 being present. Why not? If it is
"manufactured" they want to prove, then it appears to be necessary
that TiO2 of the form rutile, if not also brookite be found! If they
are intent on early 1920, then the other compounds needs be found too.
Originally the first commercial process for the manufacture of TiO2
used ilmenite as a raw material. The ore is first dried, ground, and
treated by agitation with concentrated sulphuric acid. Conditions are
controlled to maximize conversion of TiO2 to water soluble titanyl
sulphate using minimum acid. This results in a dry metal sulphates
cake that is dissolved in water or weak acid. The solution is treated
to ensure that only ferrous-state iron is present. The clear solution
is then cooled to crystallise "copperas" (FeS04.7H20) from it. The
resultant mud is then washed to recover the maximum titanyl sulphate
liquor possible. It is then filtered to remove the last impurities.
The solution is evaporated to a precise composition and hydrolysed to
produce a pulp consisting predominantly of clusters of colloidal
hydrous titanium oxide. The precipitation is precisely controlled to
achieve the necessary particle size. The pulp is then separated from
the main liquor and extensively washed to eliminate any remaining
traces of metallic impurities. The washed pulp is treated with
chemicals to adjust the texture and act as catalysts in the
calcination step. This process can produce either anatase or rutile
crystal forms - depending on additives used prior to calcination.
....... and so says the manufacturers of the stuff! The control
mechanisms were not up to scratch in the early days - therefor one
MUST expect that rutile (and probably brookite) was also formed in the
manufacturing process of anatase.
So how come Brown and Clark never found a single trace of ilmenite? At
least so they claim, despite one of their graphs having a "peak" at
about where the ilmenite "peak" should show up, only they don't say a
word about that peak! Why haven't their equipment (or McCrone's)
picked up any other forms of TiO2, that must be expected to exist IF
it was manufactured when claimed? Did Weaver find any rutile in his
kaolinite study? I haven't heard of any and I'm sure Ken would have
been hollering about it from the roof tops, had Weaver found any!
Among the True Believers there is a dichotomy of claims - one that
say's "impurities included in the anatase" and the other that demands
"pure anatase" - one contradicts the other as the impurities HAS to
include materials NOT found as well as those found - or thought to BE
found.
--
SIR - Philosopher unauthorised
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The one who is educated from the wrong books is not educated, he is
misled.
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