Article: Oldest Complex Organic Molecules Found In Ancient Fossils

Oldest Complex Organic Molecules Found In Ancient Fossils

Ohio State University geologists have isolated complex organic molecules
from 350-million-year-old fossil sea creatures -- the oldest such molecules
yet found.

The molecules may have functioned as pigments, but the study offers a much
bigger finding: an entirely new way to track how species evolved.

Christina O'Malley, a doctoral student in earth sciences at Ohio State,
found orange and yellow organic molecules inside the fossilized remains of
several species of sea creatures known as crinoids. The oldest fossils in
the study date back to the Mississippian period.

She reported the find Wednesday at the meeting of the Geological Society of
America in Philadelphia.

Crinoids still exist today. Though they resemble plants, they are marine
animals. They cling to the seafloor and feast on plankton that float by.

The crinoids in this study had flower-like fronds capping skinny stalks
about six inches high -- a look resembling "starfish on a stick," said
William Ausich, professor of earth sciences and O'Malley's co-advisor with
Yu-Ping Chin, also a professor of earth sciences.

Today's crinoids display a range of colors, some variegated shades of red,
orange, and yellow, so the geologists weren't surprised that some of those
colors turned up in the 350-million-year-old crinoids, Ausich said.

"People have suspected for a long time that organic molecules could be found
inside fossils," he added. "This is just the first time that scientists have
succeeded in finding them."

Though the organic molecules could be classified as pigments, nobody can be
sure that they functioned as pigments inside these ancient animals, the
geologists emphasized. They may have served some other purpose besides
coloration -- perhaps to defend the animal from predators by making it less
palatable.

Because the molecules appear to be a little different for each species of
crinoid, scientists can now use the pigments as biomarkers to map
relationships on the creatures' family tree. Until now, they could only
infer crinoid lineage based on the size and shape of key features on the
animals' skeletons.

"This could be a new tool for figuring out how long-dead creatures became so
prolific and successful. We can't travel back in time, but now we can look
for clues about these creature's lives in a way that hasn't been attempted
or taken advantage of before," O'Malley said.

Scientists can only view fossilized plants and animals in the grays and tans
of sedimentary rock, such as the limestone fossils in this study. Rock is
inorganic, and replaces organic molecules such as pigments during
fossilization. What O'Malley and her colleagues discovered is that some
organic molecules occasionally survive the process.

"Crinoid skeleton is very porous, and we think that when inorganic molecules
filled in the spaces of the skeleton during preservation, some of the
organic molecules were trapped inside the fossil," she said.

O'Malley found pigments in every crinoid specimen that she sampled from
three fossil sites, one in Switzerland and two in Indiana.

The Indiana samples date back to 350 million years ago, during the
Mississippian period, when much of North America was covered by a shallow
inland sea. The Switzerland fossils date back to 60 million years ago,
during the Jurassic period. The sites preserved the crinoids exceptionally
well, probably because a sudden storm buried them in sediment.

Should pigments be found in other fossils, the technique could prove to be a
reliable way to trace species' evolution. So far, the crinoid biomarkers
mesh well with scientists' concepts of how those species are related.

O'Malley isolated the pigments by grinding up small bits of fossil and
dissolving the organic molecules into a solution. Then she injected a tiny
sample of the solution into a machine called a gas chromatograph mass
spectrometer. The machine vaporized the solution so that a magnet could
separate individual molecules based on electric charge and mass. Computer
software then identified the molecules.

Orange and yellow organic molecules emerged, along with several other
molecules that the geologists have yet to identify. The off-the-shelf
software was only designed to identify common laboratory compounds, O'Malley
explained. She would like to generate her own database of fossil organic
molecules, and also extract pigments from other marine fossils, including
some from sites in Iowa.

The Geological Society of America supported this work with a Graduate
Student Research Grant. Other funding was provided by the National Science
Foundation.

Source: Ohio State University
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/10/061025082032.htm

Posted by
Robert Karl Stonjek


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