Re: H2 burner
- From: Williamknowsbest <William.Mook@xxxxxxxxx>
- Date: Fri, 6 Jun 2008 15:50:40 -0700 (PDT)
Harry
While we agree on the importance of marginal value we disagree on the
marginal value of hydrogen and its aafety. Hydrogen is perfectly safe
as a fuel if handled properly. Hydrogen using a sufficiently low
cost solar power system may be made available at costs competitive
with existing fuels.
A ton of hydrogen has the same heat value of 6.2 tons of coal.
A ton of hydrogen has the same heat value of 2.5 tons of natural gas
A ton of hydrogen has the same heat value as 24.3 barrels of oil
So, clearly a ton of hydrogen and 8 tons of oxygen made from 9 tons of
water using 55 MWh of DC solar electricity made for $110 - at a total
delivered cost less than $200 per ton - obviously at these prices,
this is the lowest cost and cleanest source of industrial energy.
Furthermore, since ALL exisitng fuels used in stationary applications;
coal, residual oil, and natural gas, may be turned to high quality
liquid fuels by applying small quantities of hydrogen and oxygen to
both - values exceeding $5,000 per ton of hydrogen may be realized -
augmenting our oil supplies and ending the current shorages.
Obviously the sale of synthetic liquid fuels made from fossil fuels
traded for hydrogen in stationary applications is the first step
toward a hydrogen economy. The world today produces the following
amounts of primary fuels
28.3 billion barels of liquid fuels
5.5 billion tons of coal
1.1. billion tons of natural gas
This is all replaced by 3.34 billion tons of hydrogen gas - displacing
ALL carbon. However, well before that, we can obviously replace 5.5
billion tons of coal with 887 million tons of hydrogen and replace the
1.1 billion tons of natural gas with 430 million tons of hydrogen. An
additoinal 600 million tons of hydrogen may be added to the coal along
with 1.8 billion tons of oxygen, to produce 39.7 billion barrels of
liquid fuels - more than doubling the availability of oil world
wide. The 1.1 billion tons of natural gas may be converted to 11.2
billion barrels of liquid fuels with the addition of 1.1 billion tons
of oxygen- to form methanol and then dehydrating it to form iso-
octane.
In this way, without increasing our carbon footprint one iota, we may
ADD 50.9 billion barrels of liquid fuels to our energy budget. This
requires the production of 1.9 billion tons of hydrogen.
Reducing conventional fuel output over a 20 year period, by 20% during
the buildout of the proposed system, while providing any energy
shortfall directly as hydrogen production, provides a means to reduce
humanity's carbon footprint to sustainable levels, whilst providing
strong economic growth, and the eventual replacement of fossil fuels
with hydrogen.
That is, we can track
conventional crude
syncrude
coal
natural gas
conv. crude coal natural gas
Year megabbl megaton megaton
2010 27,986.0 5,439.0 1,087.8
2011 27,675.5 5,378.6 1,075.7
2012 27,368.4 5,319.0 1,063.8
2013 27,064.8 5,259.9 1,052.0
2014 26,764.5 5,201.6 1,040.3
2015 26,467.5 5,143.9 1,028.8
2016 26,173.9 5,086.8 1,017.4
2017 25,883.5 5,030.4 1,006.1
2018 25,596.3 4,974.5 994.9
2019 25,312.3 4,919.3 983.9
2020 25,031.4 4,864.8 973.0
2021 24,753.7 4,810.8 962.2
2022 24,479.1 4,757.4 951.5
2023 24,207.5 4,704.6 940.9
2024 23,938.9 4,652.4 930.5
2025 23,673.3 4,600.8 920.2
2026 23,410.6 4,549.8 910.0
2027 23,150.9 4,499.3 899.9
2028 22,894.0 4,449.4 889.9
Synthetic Crude made with solar hydrogen and coal
suncrude feed coal syn-hydro
Year megabbl megaton megaton
2010 1,550.0 179.4 19.9
2011 3,041.9 352.1 39.1
2012 4,577.7 529.8 58.9
2013 6,159.2 712.9 79.2
2014 7,788.5 901.4 100.2
2015 9,467.5 1,095.8 121.8
2016 11,198.6 1,296.1 144.0
2017 12,983.9 1,502.8 167.0
2018 14,825.8 1,715.9 190.7
2019 16,726.6 1,936.0 215.1
2020 18,689.0 2,163.1 240.3
2021 20,715.6 2,397.6 266.4
2022 22,809.0 2,639.9 293.3
2023 24,972.1 2,890.3 321.1
2024 27,207.9 3,149.1 349.9
2025 29,519.4 3,416.6 379.6
2026 31,909.8 3,693.3 410.4
2027 34,382.3 3,979.4 442.2
2028 36,940.5 4,275.5 475.1
Assuming a 4% growth worldwide in crude oil demand.
Now as for coal, we're assuming a 20% reduction in carbon output over
a 20 year period, so coal output drops about 1% per year - and
increasing volumes of coal are re-directed toward liquid fuel
production as described above. Meanwhile the demand for thermal coal
is assumed to rise at 4% per year. Any shortfall in coal is to be
replaced with hydrogen gas delivered to stationary users by
pipeline. This is call hydrogen replacement below
thermal cl feed coal hydrogen
Year megaton megaton replacement
2010 5,259.6 179.4 74.3
2011 5,026.6 352.1 148.7
2012 4,789.1 529.8 225.4
2013 4,547.1 712.9 304.4
2014 4,300.1 901.4 385.7
2015 4,048.1 1,095.8 469.5
2016 3,790.7 1,296.1 556.0
2017 3,527.6 1,502.8 645.1
2018 3,258.6 1,715.9 737.0
2019 2,983.4 1,936.0 831.9
2020 2,701.7 2,163.1 929.9
2021 2,413.2 2,397.6 1,031.1
2022 2,117.5 2,639.9 1,135.6
2023 1,814.3 2,890.3 1,243.5
2024 1,503.4 3,149.1 1,355.1
2025 1,184.2 3,416.6 1,470.5
2026 856.5 3,693.3 1,589.8
2027 519.9 3,979.4 1,713.2
2028 173.8 4,275.5 1,840.9
The evolution of natural gas use
thermal ng feed ng hydrogen
Year megaton megaton replacement
2010 1,038.5 49.3 41.4
2011 978.9 96.8 82.7
2012 918.1 145.7 125.2
2013 855.9 196.1 169.0
2014 792.4 247.9 214.1
2015 727.4 301.4 260.6
2016 660.9 356.5 308.5
2017 592.8 413.3 357.9
2018 523.0 471.9 408.9
2019 451.4 532.5 461.5
2020 378.0 594.9 515.8
2021 302.7 659.4 571.9
2022 225.4 726.1 629.9
2023 146.0 794.9 689.7
2024 64.4 866.1 751.6
2025 0.0 920.2 808.0
2026 0.0 910.0 840.3
2027 0.0 899.9 873.9
2028 0.0 889.9 908.8
Finally, putting it all together we have;
crude coal nat gas suncrude hydrogen
Year megabbl megaton megaton megabbl megaton
2010 27,986.0 5,439.0 1,087.8 1,550.0 155.5
2011 27,675.5 5,378.6 1,075.7 3,041.9 309.7
2012 27,368.4 5,319.0 1,063.8 4,577.7 468.4
2013 27,064.8 5,259.9 1,052.0 6,159.2 631.8
2014 26,764.5 5,201.6 1,040.3 7,788.5 800.1
2015 26,467.5 5,143.9 1,028.8 9,467.5 973.6
2016 26,173.9 5,086.8 1,017.4 11,198.6 1,152.5
2017 25,883.5 5,030.4 1,006.1 12,983.9 1,336.9
2018 25,596.3 4,974.5 994.9 14,825.8 1,527.2
2019 25,312.3 4,919.3 983.9 16,726.6 1,723.7
2020 25,031.4 4,864.8 973.0 18,689.0 1,926.4
2021 24,753.7 4,810.8 962.2 20,715.6 2,135.8
2022 24,479.1 4,757.4 951.5 22,809.0 2,352.1
2023 24,207.5 4,704.6 940.9 24,972.1 2,575.6
2024 23,938.9 4,652.4 930.5 27,207.9 2,806.6
2025 23,673.3 4,600.8 920.2 29,519.4 3,037.7
2026 23,410.6 4,549.8 910.0 31,909.8 3,250.8
2027 23,150.9 4,499.3 899.9 34,382.3 3,471.4
2028 22,894.0 4,449.4 889.9 36,940.5 3,699.9
So, even though we have grown in our energy usage by 4% per year, and
consume nearly 60 million bbls/year in 20 years, our carbon footprint
is reduced by 20%. With increased efficiency we can assume this
usage rate supports a 7% per annum increase in economic activity.
Hydrogen supplies over half this total
heat value crude coal nat gas suncrude hydrogen total
h2 equiv 976.6 715.6 342.9 1,575.8 3,699.9 7,310.8
megaton 13.36% 9.79% 4.69% 21.55% 50.61% 100.00%
This provides a transition to a hydrogen economy. The availability of
low-cost hydrogen will promote its widespread use - giving the market
the opportunity to choose for itself the rate at which oil will be
displaced with hydrogen.
While it is true that hydrogen is highly explosive and burns under a
wide range of conditions. This is not a bad thing since hydrogen can
replace ALL hydro-carbon fuels directly. Furthermore, in smelting
iron ore, only a tiny fraction of the carbon in coal is taken up by
the iron. The vast majority of coarbon is taken up by oxygen.
Hydrogen can replace carbon in many smelting operations, with zero
production of CO2. To the degree carbon is needed, it may be added
directly to the molten iron after smelting with no CO2 production
whatever..
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers has found that hydrogen
when handled properly with an appropriate infrastrucutre, there is no
reason hydrogen would be any less aafe than any existing hydrocarbon
fuels - and in fact they feel it much safer given the modern standards
applied to hydrogen infrastructure.
http://www.mac.doc.gov/china/Breakout%20D%20-%20Frikkin.pdf
Furthermore, hydrogen is considerably safer than fissionable materials
given the utility of nuclear knowledge in creating WMDs. Disposal of
fissionable materials is also an open issue.
http://www.fas.org/faspir/2001/v54n5/nuclear.htm
While a solution may be possible some day, we do not have one today.
Nearly every nuclear power program has resulted in a nuclear weapons
capability. What will change to change this scenario? Lacking such
a solution, increasing the use of nuclear power poses grave risks to
international stability going forward.
.
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