More Evidence Chicxulub Was Too Early

http://www.geosociety.org/news/pr/06-14.htm

Boulder, Colo. - A new study of melted rock ejected far from the Yucatan's
Chicxulub impact crater bolsters the idea that the famed impact was too
early to have caused the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs 65
million years ago.

A careful geochemical fingerprinting of glass spherules found in multiple
layers of sediments from northeast Mexico, Texas, Guatemala, Belize and
Haiti all point back to Chicxulub as their source. But the analysis places
the impact at about 300,000 years before the infamous extinctions that mark
the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods, a.k.a. the K-T
boundary.

Using an array of electron microscopy techniques, Markus Harting of the
University of Utrecht in the Netherlands has found that chemical
compositions of the spherules all match what would be expected of rocks
melted at the Chicxulub impact. The spherules are now found in several
layers because after they originally hit the ground, they were "reworked"
by erosion to create later layers of sediments, he said. It's this
reworking long after the impact that has misplaced some of the spherules
into sediments that, based on the fossils in the same sediments, are
misleadingly close to the K-T boundary.

Harting is scheduled to present his latest findings on Monday, 3 April
Backbone of the Americas-Patagonia to Alaska. The meeting is co-convened by
the Geological Society of America and the Asociación Geológica Argentina,
with collaboration of the Sociedad Geológica de Chile. The meeting takes
place 3-7 April in Mendoza, Argentina.

"The whole story is that it's a single impact event," said Harting of his
analysis of the multiple spherule layers. In fact, the original spherule
layer is not particularly hard to make out, since its spherules are not as
abraded and damaged as those which were moved around and re-deposited in
later, higher sediments. Above these, and younger still, Harting has also
identified the famous layer of extraterrestrial iridium in sediments
worldwide which was originally touted as the smoking gun for an impact
somewhere on Earth at the K-T boundary.

"In most of the sections we found spherules we also found the iridium layer
at or near the K-T boundary," said Harting. "That makes the mismatch with
Chicxulub even more obvious."

The sediments from the region are also providing clues to what transpired
during those 300,000 years between the impact and the K-T boundary
die-offs. "Nothing happened between them," said Harting. "The K-T iridium
layer is a totally different event."

Disconnecting the Chicxulub impact from the K-T boundary also helps make
sense of some other oddities in the iridium layer. In the Gulf of Mexico,
close to the impact site, iridium is found at a weak concentration, just
one part per billion, says Harting. Yet farther away in Denmark, higher
concentrations of iridium are found. "This doesn't really make sense," he
said, unless, of course, the impact and iridium layer are not related.

All this begs the question: What, then, created the worldwide iridium
layer, if not a humongous impact? One possibility is that Earth and perhaps
the entire solar system was passing through a thick cloud of cosmic dust 65
million years ago.

"You probably have a time when lots of meteorites are coming down and never
touching the ground," said Harting. Instead they burned up as "shooting
stars," depositing their iridium in the atmosphere. There it was quickly
rained out, washed into lakes and oceans and buried in contemporary
sediments.

Another burning question is whether the massive impact - which undoubtedly
occurred and was certainly catastrophic - is responsible for any extinction
at all. Maybe, answers Harting. There is the case of the ammonites, the
once ubiquitous nautilus-like sea creatures that died out at about the same
time as the Chicxulub impact and before the K-T boundary, he said.

But whether the impact was the ammonite killer is not at all clear,
according to Harting. Early models of the Chicxulub impact called on a
"nuclear winter" scenario, in which a dust-shrouded world went cold and
plant life died away for years, to cause mass extinctions. Yet sun-loving
animals like crocodiles and turtles appear to have glided right through
without any ill effects. And that is, perhaps the silver lining to
Chicxulub's fall from the status of most-massive-of-all-murderers: Even
giant impacts aren't necessarily global catastrophes.


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