Re: New Properties of the Very Deep Earth Discovered


don findlay wrote:
oriel36 wrote:
Alan Johnson wrote:

Washington, DC. To truly understand some of the movement we see at the
Earth's surface, scientists have to probe deep into the interior. A
region near the planet's core, about 1,800 miles down called the
core-mantle boundary, is particularly intriguing. Through novel
experiments mimicking high-pressures and temperatures there, scientists
at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and the Carnegie Institution's
Geophysical Laboratory* may have solved a longstanding mystery about why
certain seismic waves called shear waves move so sluggishly through
clumpy patches (ultralow velocity zones) at these incredible depths. The
team found that when lots of iron is added to the most prevalent mineral
in that region (post-perovskite), shear waves move in slow motion. Their
discovery offers an alternative to the prevailing idea that these
regions are partially melted, and it has important implications for
understanding how volcanoes, located in places such as Hawaii and
Iceland, may originate. The research is published in the April 28, 2006,
issue of Science.

Seismologists learn about the deep Earth, in part, by observing
different seismic waves from earthquakes as they travel through the
planet. Shear waves wiggle at right angles to the direction of their
movement, but they don't move through liquid at all and are thus useful
for understanding aspects of the Earth's composition. The team,
including the daughter/father duo Wendy Mao (LANL) and Carnegie's
Ho-kwang (Dave) Mao, used a novel technique to measure the velocity of
shear waves in the lab, moving through the most abundant mineral in that
region (post-perosvkite).

"The major mineral in Earth's mantle is iron-magnesium silicate
perosvkite," explained Dave Mao. "Post-perosvkite, discovered a couple
years ago, is a different phase of the mineral at the core-mantle
boundary and scientists have been fascinated by its properties.
Understanding the mineral and the intrigue of the ultralow velocity
zones led us to these experiments," he continued.

Ultralow velocity zones exist as patches between the solid mantle and
liquid core, and are very different from the mantle above and material
on the sides. Since shear waves can't propagate through a liquid, a
prevailing view has been that the zone contains some liquid, or melts,
which would slow the waves down. Scientists have noticed that the
ultralow velocity patches could also give rise to mantle plumes,
eventually sparking volcanoes in places like Hawaii and Iceland.

The researchers subjected post-perosvkite, containing 40% iron, to
pressures as high as 1.6 million times the pressure at sea level (170
Gigapascals) and 3,100 °F (2,000K). Although the researchers can add as
much as 80% iron in the post-perovskite, only 40% is needed to match the
ultralow velocity zones.

"With our new techniques we were able to determine the shear velocity of
this material," stated Wendy Mao. "We were amazed that adding iron
dramatically slowed the velocities to levels that seismologists have
observed in the ultralow velocity zones. Iron-rich post-perosvkite,
formed by reactions between the mantle and the core, could be what these
thin, patchy regions are made of."

In addition to offering an alternative explanation to partial melting of
the ultralow velocity zones, the dense material would sink instead of
rising with the convection at hot spots. This behavior would explain why
these zones are clumped and not uniformly distributed and why the clumps
are associated with the hot spots and contribute to the volcanic
activity at the surface.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* Wendy Mao is with Los Alamos National Laboratory. Ho-Kwang (Dave) Mao
is with Carnegie's Geophysical Laboratory and HPCAT. Yingwei Fei and
Russell Hemley are also with Carnegie.

This work was supported by Earth Sciences Research and the National
Science Foundation. The HPCAT facility is supported by the Department of
Energy, the W. M. Keck Foundation, and Carnegie Institution of Washington.

The Carnegie Institution of Washington (www.carnegieinstitution.org) has
been a pioneering force in basic scientific research since 1902. It is a
private, nonprofit organization with six research departments throughout
the U.S. Carnegie scientists are leaders in plant biology, developmental
biology, astronomy, materials science, global ecology, and Earth and
planetary science.
__________

Regards

Alan

Sir

You would do well to take onboard the warning of Copernicus * in his
commentary of the Ptolemaic astronomers who had excellent data but
could not put it all together in one useable package.Conventions cells
are the geological equivalent of geocentric/ptolemaic astronomy for the
working principles are a means to an end and provide nothing useful
beyond the required result.

The physical considerations of convection cells exclude the dynamics of
a rotating mantle which affect the Earth's shape and specifically the
deviation from a perfect sphere.As the 40 KM deviation is latitude
dependent insofar as fluid dynamics dictate differential rotation bands
occuring about the polar axis,the same mechanism that generates the
planetary shape deviation also is involved in crustal motion.The
differential rotation bands on the Sun positively shout out that the
Earth,allowing for compositional and rotational adjustments,has the
same dynamic properties -

http://www.astronomynotes.com/starsun/sun-rotation.gif


This business of using data to fit pre-conceived convection cell models
is a huge waste of good data and human effort.The conflict between
plate motion and the Earth's deviation from a perfect sphere will
al;ways be in conflict with each other through the convection cell
notions and that remains the only accurate prediction to date.


* [In contrast with the Ptolemaic models] . . . although they have
extracted from them the apparent motions, with numerical agreement,
nevertheless . . . . They are just like someone including in a picture
hands, feet, head, and other limbs from different places, well painted
indeed, but not modeled from the same body, and not in the least
matching each other, so that a monster would be produced from them
rather than a man. Thus in the process of their demonstrations, which
they call their system, they are found either to have missed out
something essential, or to have brought in something inappropriate and
wholly irrelevant, which would not have happened to them if they had
followed proper principles. For if the hypotheses which they assumed
had not been fallacies, everything which follows from them could be
independently verified." De revolutionibus, 1543

Obviously, Gerald you misunderstand or are not properly representing
(again), what the 'effort' is about. It's got Nothing to Do with
properly interpreting the data. That's irrelevant. It's getting
published that's important, and you don't do that by synthesising.

I generally do not accept this bait which often acts as a point of
departure for criticising the peer review process however my needs are
more simple than what even you believe - to have a normal
conversation on matters refering to the dynamics of the Earths' motions
and the geological,astronomical and climatological consequences .It
sounds that everyone is involved in doing this but the working
principles of contemporary investigators are either fraudulent or
highly flawed, making such things as linking the Earth's shape and
crustal motion using a common mechanism impossible.

I do not fault the guys working with stationary Earth/convection cell
models for crustal motion,I just do not think it is worth expending the
effort and the data on that notion and while it is certain to get a
person published,the tendency now is to turn the great geological
insight on the seperation and collision of crustal plates towards
justifying the convection cell mechanism or worse,making tectonic
motion dependent on the convection cell mechanism.




You
do it by being reductive - just taking one 'finger' (leg/ arm/ toecap
or whatever) and dealing with that - so that nobody can take issue with
it (on the point of the head/ kneee/ balls or whatever.) If they had
any intention of "properly interpreting the data" then the obvious
point about the magnetic field would have got a mention, and something
controversial would have arisen.

It can get weary dealing with voodoo chanting, and indeed, having to go
through the intricate and fraudulent maneuvering of Newton* using the
same tactic of stripping genuine insights of their content and
substituting them with artificial constructs by using specialised
vocabulary is and always will be disappointing.I just happen to be able
to spot the differences in the original insights with the fraudulent
empirical hijacking of wonderful and easy to understand insights .

That aside,the idea is always to step back as Wegener did and look at
the various clues scattered about and collect them into the outlines
of a picture.I can say that I stepped back further into the
astronomical realm and enjoyed the geological picture even more,not
drawing conclusions as some would expect,but to give more definition to
the working principles for crustal motion and the Earths' shape.

If nobody enjoys the idea then there is little I can do about
it,again,the convection cell models present too many abnormal physical
considerations and lead to dead ends.




You'd have thought they might have
waited until they had an answer to that one before publishing. But
then, the name of the game is two instead of one - ..or maybe even none
at all, ..if they think about it a bit longer.

That is what the "effort" is about, ..outwitting the Thunk Police.


The mixture of consensus,politics and trivia has long since lost its
appeal and I can take satisfaction from more simple things,even genuine
people who lack faith to shift to a new level by adopting a synthesis
of partial demolition and part construction have little reason to fear
the growing meshing of the astronomical and geological realms.

As for empiricism,well,it often happens that people are presented with
what looks like unpenetrable language revealing genuine insights but so
many are lost in the linguistic fog that they never find their way out
again.The 'scientific method' is appropriate for certain processes but
is severly limiting for the intellectual/intuitive processes involved
in geology,astronomy and other disciplines.The wizard of oz attribute
of throwing an authorative voice while pulling the linguistic levers
can frighten people into submission but it is far easier for an
individual to step back from the fray and let the Earths' motions do
the talking.

I would genuinely like to set down the basic principles linking the
earth's motions and orientations to climatology and subsequently
climate imbalances such as global warming but my heritage is a broken
chain back to the blueprints of the great 15th and 16th century
astronomers.I assure you the pain of isolation from normal discussion
of physical considerations is most acute and only with the greatest
courtesy do I accept it.






_____________________________________________________________________
*

Epitome Of Copernican Astronomy by JOHANNES kEPLER


Finally by what arguments do you prove that the centre of the Sun which

is at the midpoint of the planetary spheres and bears their whole
system - does not revolve in some annual movement,as Brahe wishes,but
in accordance with Copernicus sticks immobile in one place,while the
centre of the Earth revolves in an annual movement.


Argument 10


" The 10th argument,taken from the periodic times, is as follows; the
apparent movement of the Sun has 365 days which is the mean measure
between Venus' period of 225 days and Mars' period of 687
days.Therefore does not the nature of things shout out loud that the
circuits in which those 365 days are taken up has a mean position
between the circuits of Mars and Venus around the Sun and thus this is
not the circuit of the Sun around the Earth -for none of the primary
planets has its orbit arranged around the Earth,as Brahe admits,but the

circuit of the Earth around the resting Sun,just as the other
planets,namely Mars and Venus,complete their own periods by running
around the Sun."


Johannes Kepler


_______________________________________________


PHENOMENON IV.
"That the fixed stars being at rest, the periodic times of the five
primary planets, and (whether of the sun about the earth, or) of the
earth about the sun, are in the sesquiplicate proportion of their mean
distances from the sun.


This proportion, first observed by Kepler, is now received by all
astronomers; for the periodic times are the same, and the dimensions of

the orbits are the same, whether the sun revolves about the earth, or
the earth about the sun. And as to the measures of the periodic times,
all astronomers are agreed about them. But for the dimensions of the
orbits, Kepler and Bullialdus, above all others, have determined them
from observations with the greatest accuracy; and the mean distances
corresponding to the periodic times differ but insensibly from those
which they have assigned, and for the most part fall in between them;
as we may see from the following table." newton


* http://members.tripod.com/~gravitee/phaenomena.htm

.

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