Re: Study links fatty myelin breakdown to Alzheimer's


"Sharon Hope" <shope@xxxxxxxx> wrote in message
news:9ZOdnUdUPcV6EiHenZ2dnUVZ_sSdnZ2d@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>
> "Bill" <xxx@xxxxx> wrote in message
> news:sPouf.4774$4o7.4042@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>> What this says is 1. The cardiovascular protective properties of statins
>> are well established. 2. Since statins were introduced (I believe over 10
>> years ago) there have been 19 cases reported in Canada of suspected memory
>> loss. Note, if statins also worked the other way - improved memory - this
>> would not be reported. 3. You should be aware of this and look out for it.
>>
>> It does not say that any significant problems have been established.
>>
>> Bill
>>
>
> Bill, to suggest that amnesia - the loss of any sense of self or of personal
> history or of your own name or identity is insignificant is despicable.
>
> Memory loss is a horrific experience. Ask the families of Alzheimer's
> patients. Ask the families of statin-caused memory loss patients.
>
> Don't even go there - suggesting that the loss of memory is not significant
> is a sick and depraved argument.
>
>

And you are stupid because I never said anything like that. Where exactly did
I say loss of memory is not significant. What I said was that these
significant problems have not been established. Learn to read what is there,
not what you want to believe is there.

Bill


>
>> "Sharon Hope" <shope@xxxxxxxx> wrote in message
>> news:udWdnZp5IddyYyTenZ2dnUVZ_s-dnZ2d@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>>> "Inadequate myelin production may result in demyelination of nerve fibres
>>> in the CNS and thus lead to memory loss"
>>>
>>> Add this to the referenced documents:
>>> Canadian Adverse Reaction Newsletter
>>> Volume 15 . Issue 4 . October 2005
>>>
>>> "Statins and memory loss
>>>
>>> The role of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, or statins, in cardiovascular
>>> protection is well established. However, evidence in the current
>>> literature is conflicting as to the effect of statins on cognitive
>>> function.1 It has been postulated that statins may prevent dementia of the
>>> Alzheimer's type through inhibition of ?-amyloid formation and thus
>>> decreased production of neurofibrillary tangles and plaques.2 Other
>>> studies have suggested that statins can contribute to memory loss.1-4 The
>>> proposed mechanism relates to cholesterol's essential role in myelin
>>> production. Statins, especially the more lipophilic ones (e.g.,
>>> atorvastatin and simvastatin), may cross the blood-brain barrier and
>>> decrease the amount of central nervous system (CNS) cholesterol necessary
>>> for the formation of myelin.2,3 Inadequate myelin production may result in
>>> demyelination of nerve fibres in the CNS and thus lead to memory loss.2
>>> Memory impairment is listed in the product monograph for Pravachol.5
>>>
>>> From the date of marketing of statins in Canada to May 31, 2005, Health
>>> Canada received 19 reports of amnesia suspected of being associated with
>>> these drugs (Table 1). The onset was reported to occur within 1 month
>>> after starting statin therapy in 5 cases, within 1 year in 7 cases and
>>> after 1 year in 3 cases. Four cases did not report an onset date. Eleven
>>> reports described that the amnesia resolved or improved when the drug was
>>> discontinued or the dose reduced, and one of them also described a
>>> positive rechallenge. Other reports did not provide this information.
>>>
>>> Given these findings, changes in cognitive status temporally associated
>>> with statin therapy should be monitored.2
>>>
>>> Michel Trottier, BScPhm, RPEBC, RPh, Health Canada
>>>
>>> References
>>>
>>> 1.. Wagstaff LR, Mitton MW, Arvik BM, Doraiswamy PM. Statin-associated
>>> memory loss: analysis of 60 case reports and review of the literature.
>>> Pharmacotherapy 2003;23(7):871-80.
>>> 2.. King DS, Wilburn AJ, Wofford MR, Harrell TK, Lindley BJ, Jones DW.
>>> Cognitive impairment associated with atorvastatin and simvastatin.
>>> Pharmacotherapy 2003;23(12):1663-7.
>>> 3.. Orsi A, Sherman O, Woldeselassie Z. Simvastatin-associated memory
>>> loss. Pharmacotherapy 2001;21(6):767-9.
>>> 4.. Muldoon MF, Ryan CM, Sereika SM, Flory JD, Manuck SB. Randomized
>>> trial of the effects of simvastatin on cognitive functioning in
>>> hypercholesterolemic adults. Am J Med 2004;117(11):823-9.
>>> 5.. Pravachol (pravastatin) [product monograph]. Montréal: Bristol-Myers
>>> Squibb Canada; 2005.
>>>
>>>
>>> Table 1: Reports submitted to Health Canada of amnesia* suspected of
>>> being associated with statins from date marketed in Canada to May 31,
>>> 2005?
>>> Variable Atorvastatin Cerivastatin Fluvastatin Lovastatin
>>> Pravastatin Rosuvastatin Simvastatin
>>>
>>> --------------------------------------------------------------------
>>>
>>> Date marketed 1997 1998? 1994 1988 1990 2003 1990
>>> Total no. of AR reports with amnesia 8 1 0 2 0 4 4
>>> Positive dechallenge§ 4 1 - 2 - 2 1
>>> Median age (and range) of patients, yr 70 (50-78)¶ NR - 61
>>> (41-81) - 57 (51-69) 67 (65-81)¶
>>>
>>> Note: AR = adverse reaction, NR = not reported.
>>> *Includes forgetfulness, memory disturbance, memory impairment and
>>> memory loss according to the World Health Organization Adverse Reaction
>>> Terminology (WHOART).
>>> ?These data cannot be used to determine the incidence of ARs or to
>>> make quantitative drug safety comparisons between the products because ARs
>>> are underreported and neither patient exposure nor the amount of time the
>>> drug was on the market has been taken into consideration.
>>> ?Cerivastatin withdrawn from the market in 2001.
>>> §Response to withdrawal of the drug.
>>> ¶Age unknown in 1 case.
>>> "
>>>
>>> http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/medeff/bulletin/carn-bcei_v15n4_e.html#2
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> "Sharon Hope" <shope@xxxxxxxx> wrote in message
>>> news:WZOdnbBeTM--ZyTenZ2dnUVZ_sWdnZ2d@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>>>> This article is not to be read in isolation.
>>>>
>>>> A priori we know
>>>>
>>>> 1) Muldoon, et al, have shown repeatedly that statins cause loss of
>>>> cognitive ability and stagnation of cognitive ability after only 6
>>>> months. This has been shown consistently to be the outcome in the
>>>> gold-standard placebo-controlled trials with different statins and with
>>>> statins at different dosages.
>>>>
>>>> 2) Several sources, including those sited in The Great Cholesterol Myth
>>>> by Dr Malcolm Kendrick, low fat diets contribute to higher cholesterol
>>>> (inverse of the expected high fat diet) Link:
>>>> http://www.spiked-online.com/Printable/0000000CAE78.htm
>>>>
>>>> 3) All "statins as the anti-Alzheimer's" trials to date have failed to
>>>> show any benefit against Alzheimer's.
>>>>
>>>> 4) Additional studies show statins cause memory loss and cognitive damage
>>>> (see links from FAQ on Statin Adverse Effects, below). Further, see
>>>> links from FAQ on Statin induced Amnesia.
>>>>
>>>> 5) Additional studies show statins cause neuropathy - both peripheral
>>>> neuropathy and polyneuropathy (see links from FAQ on Statin Adverse
>>>> Effects, below). These symptoms are consistent with demyelinating
>>>> neuropathic conditions.
>>>>
>>>> Now add the story quoted, which includes:
>>>>
>>>> "Myelin has a very high cholesterol content. As it builds up,
>>>> cholesterol
>>>> levels in the brain increase and eventually promote the production of a
>>>> toxin that attacks the myelin."
>>>>
>>>> Note that the breakdown of myelin BY A TOXIN THAT ATTACKS THE MYELIN.
>>>>
>>>> In the article, that is purportedly a natural reaction of the body to too
>>>> much cholesterol (which we now know can be enhanced by low fat dieting).
>>>>
>>>> However, STATINS AR KNOWN TO BE TOXIC TO THE MYELIN. STATINS ARE KNOWN
>>>> TO BE DEMYELINATING.
>>>>
>>>> Thus, demyelination is the problem. One pathway to demylenation may be
>>>> toxicly high levels of cholesterol (note, "SERUM CHOLESTEROL" is not
>>>> mentioned).
>>>>
>>>> The other pathway to memory loss is DEMYELINATION BY STATINS, TOXIC TO
>>>> THE MYELIN SHEATH.
>>>>
>>>> Simple logical conclusion. The article quoted does not exist in a
>>>> vaccuum.
>>>>
>>>> Thus, it is clear that one pathway for memory loss is statin adverse
>>>> effects, not only by multiple studies, but also by the obvious logic:
>>>>
>>>> Myelin sheath = cholesterol
>>>>
>>>> Breakdown of myelin sheath = memory loss
>>>>
>>>> Statins = removal of cholesterol & breakdown of myelin sheath
>>>>
>>>> Statins = memory loss
>>>>
>>>> This in no way conflicts with the article's observation that other toxins
>>>> that can destroy the myelin sheath can also cause Alzheimer's. It simply
>>>> shows a pathway whereby statin toxicity to myelin sheathing can cause
>>>> memory loss - which has already been demonstrated in published studies.
>>>> It also shows a reason why statins do NOT prevent Alzheimer's.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> From the wife of a man still in his 50's who is hitting his 4th
>>>> anniversary
>>>> off Lipitor (on for 4 years at 10 mg/day) who still has massive disabling
>>>> memory loss directly due to Lipitor adverse effects, with all other
>>>> possible
>>>> causes ruled out. Memory improving, from below 1 percentile to
>>>> 'impaired'
>>>> levels, still disabled.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> Here are the referenced articles:
>>>>
>>>> NERVE DAMAGE & STATINS
>>>>
>>>> Frequently Asked Question: What medical research studies have
>>>>
>>>> been done on Statins and Nerve Damage that I can bring to my
>>>>
>>>> doctor's attention?
>>>>
>>>> Golomb BA, Yang E, Denenberg J, Criqui M (2003),
>>>>
>>>> Statin-associated adverse events. P95. Presented at the 43rd Annual
>>>> Conference on
>>>>
>>>> Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention. Miami; March 5-8.
>>>>
>>>> Chong PH, Boskovich A, Stevkovic N, Bartt RE.
>>>>
>>>> Statin-associated peripheral neuropathy: review of the literature.
>>>>
>>>> Pharmacotherapy. 2004 Sep;24(9):1194-203. Review.
>>>>
>>>> PMID: 15460180 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
>>>>
>>>> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstr
>>>>
>>>> act&list_uids=15460180
>>>>
>>>> "Based on epidemiologic studies as well as case reports, a risk of
>>>> peripheral neuropathy
>>>>
>>>> associated with statin use may exist; however, the risk appears to be
>>>> minimal. On the
>>>>
>>>> other hand, the benefits of statins are firmly established. These
>>>> findings should alert
>>>>
>>>> prescribers to a potential risk of peripheral neuropathy in patients
>>>> receiving any of the
>>>>
>>>> statins; that is, statins should be considered the cause of peripheral
>>>> neuropathy when
>>>>
>>>> other etiologies have been excluded."
>>>>
>>>> Rajabally YA, Varakantam V, Abbott RJ.
>>>>
>>>> Disorder resembling Guillain-Barre syndrome on initiation of statin
>>>> therapy.
>>>>
>>>> Muscle Nerve. 2004 Nov;30(5):663-6.
>>>>
>>>> PMID: 15389662 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
>>>>
>>>> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstr
>>>>
>>>> act&list_uids=15389662
>>>>
>>>> "We report a disorder resembling Guillain-Barre syndrome, occurring on
>>>> initiation of
>>>>
>>>> simvastatin, in a 58-year-old man, who had experienced a similar but
>>>> milder episode after
>>>>
>>>> starting pravastatin 6 months earlier. This case suggests that acute
>>>>
>>>> polyradiculoneuropathy may represent a rare but serious side-effect of
>>>> statin treatment. It
>>>>
>>>> also raises the issue of the pathophysiology of acute neuropathy on
>>>> statin exposure, with
>>>>
>>>> a hypersensitivity reaction resulting in an immune-mediated process being
>>>> possible
>>>>
>>>> instead of the hypothesized mitochondrial dysfunction in chronic cases."
>>>>
>>>> Scola RH, Trentin AP, Germiniani FM, Piovesan EJ, Werneck LC.
>>>>
>>>> Simvastatin-induced mononeuropathy multiplex: case report.
>>>>
>>>> Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2004 Jun;62(2B):540-2. Epub 2004 Jul 20.
>>>>
>>>> PMID: 15273860 [PubMed - in process]
>>>>
>>>> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstr
>>>>
>>>> act&list_uids=15273860
>>>>
>>>> "The association between the use of statins and neuromuscular disease is
>>>> currently being
>>>>
>>>> intensely discussed. We relate a 63 years old man with possible case of
>>>> statin-induced
>>>>
>>>> neuropathy in a patient with dislipidemia in use of simvastatina at high
>>>> doses. The
>>>>
>>>> electrophysiologic studies disclosed findings compatible with
>>>> mononeuropathy multiplex,
>>>>
>>>> suggested by clinical prescutation of asymmetrical numbness and weakness.
>>>> More
>>>>
>>>> common causes of mononeuropathy multiplex were excluded and the patient
>>>> improved
>>>>
>>>> after the discontinuation of the drug."
>>>>
>>>> Statins and risk of polyneuropathy, A case-control study
>>>>
>>>> D. Gaist, MD, PhD; U. Jeppesen, MD, PhD; M. Andersen, MD, PhD; L.A.
>>>> García
>>>>
>>>> Rodríguez, MD, MSc;
>>>>
>>>> J. Hallas, MD, PhD; and S.H. Sindrup, MD, PhD
>>>>
>>>> http://213.4.18.135/87.pdf full text
>>>>
>>>> From the abstract: "The authors verified a diagnosis of idiopathic
>>>> polyneuropathy in 166
>>>>
>>>> cases. The cases were classified as definite (35), probable (54), or
>>>> possible (77). The odds
>>>>
>>>> ratio linking idiopathic polyneuropathy with statin use was 3.7 (95% CI
>>>> 1.8 to 7.6) for all
>>>>
>>>> cases and 14.2 (5.3 to 38.0) for definite cases. The corresponding odds
>>>> ratios in current
>>>>
>>>> users were 4.6 (2.1 to 10.0) for all cases and 16.1 (5.7 to 45.4) for
>>>> definite cases. For
>>>>
>>>> patients treated with statins for 2 or more years the odds ratio of
>>>> definite idiopathic
>>>>
>>>> polyneuropathy was 26.4 (7.8 to 45.4). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposure to
>>>> statins
>>>>
>>>> may substantially increase the risk of polyneuropathy."
>>>>
>>>> Are users of lipid-lowering drugs at increased risk of peripheral
>>>> neuropathy?
>>>>
>>>> David Gaist, Luis Alberto García Rodríguez . Consuelo Huerta . Jesper
>>>> Hallas . Søren H.
>>>>
>>>> Sindrup
>>>>
>>>> http://213.4.18.135/75.pdf full text
>>>>
>>>> http://213.4.18.135/76.2.pdf full text
>>>>
>>>> http://213.4.18.135/87.pdf full text text
>>>>
>>>> Pharmacodynamics: Statins and peripheral neuropathy
>>>>
>>>> U. Jeppesen (2), D. Gaist (1)(2), T. Smith (1), S. H. Sindrup (1)(2)
>>>>
>>>> (1) Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense
>>>> C,
>>>>
>>>> Denmark Tel.: +45-6541-2474, Fax: +45-6541-3389
>>>>
>>>> (2) Department of Clinical Pharmacology Odense University, Odense,
>>>> Denmark
>>>>
>>>> Received: 6 July 1998 / Accepted in revised form: 1 October 1998
>>>>
>>>> Abstract Volume 54 Issue 11 (1999) pp 835-838
>>>>
>>>> http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00228/bibs/9054011/90540835.htm
>>>>
>>>> Association of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors with neuropathy.
>>>>
>>>> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1
>>>>
>>>> 2549960&dopt=Abstract
>>>>
>>>> Ann Pharmacother. 2003 Feb;37(2):274-8.
>>>>
>>>> Backes JM, Howard PA.
>>>>
>>>> Department of Pharmacy Practice and Lipid, Atherosclerosis, Metabolic and
>>>> LDLApheresis
>>>>
>>>> Clinic, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160-7231,
>>>>
>>>> USA. jbackes@xxxxxxxx
>>>>
>>>> "Epidemiologic studies and case reports suggest an increased risk of
>>>> peripheral
>>>>
>>>> neuropathy with statin drugs. The majority of cases were at least
>>>> partially reversible
>>>>
>>>> with drug cessation." (emphasis added)
>>>>
>>>> Moosmann B, Behl C.
>>>>
>>>> Selenoprotein synthesis and side-effects of statins.
>>>>
>>>> Lancet. 2004 Mar 13;363(9412):892-4. Review.
>>>>
>>>> PMID: 15031036 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
>>>>
>>>> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstr
>>>>
>>>> act&list_uids=15031036
>>>>
>>>> "We noted that the pattern of side-effects associated with statins
>>>> resembles the pathology
>>>>
>>>> of selenium deficiency, and postulated that the mechanism lay in a well
>>>> established, but
>>>>
>>>> often overlooked, biochemical pathway--the isopentenylation of
>>>> selenocysteinetRNA([
>>>>
>>>> Ser]Sec). A negative effect of statins on selenoprotein synthesis does
>>>> seem to
>>>>
>>>> explain many of the enigmatic effects and side-effects of statins, in
>>>> particular, statininduced
>>>>
>>>> myopathy."
>>>>
>>>> Statin therapy and small fibre neuropathy: a serial electrophysiological
>>>> study.
>>>>
>>>> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1
>>>>
>>>> 2639733&dopt=Abstract
>>>>
>>>> Lo YL, Leoh TH, Loh LM, Tan CE.
>>>>
>>>> J Neurol Sci. 2003 Apr 15;208(1-2):105-8.
>>>>
>>>> Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road,
>>>> Singapore.
>>>>
>>>> gnrlyl@xxxxxxxxxx
>>>>
>>>> Describes 3 patients who developed neuropathy after ONE MONTH of statin
>>>> therapy.
>>>>
>>>> "One patient redeveloped small and large fibre neuropathy when the
>>>> similar drug was
>>>>
>>>> readministered."
>>>>
>>>> Peripheral Neuropathy and Lipid-Lowering Therapy
>>>>
>>>> Paul E. Ziajka, MD, PhD, and Tammy Wehmeier, RN, Orlando, Fla.
>>>>
>>>> Abstract: We report a case of peripheral neuropathy induced and
>>>> excerbated by several
>>>>
>>>> commonly used HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors including lovastatin,
>>>> simvastatin,
>>>>
>>>> pravastatin, and atorvastatin, and the vitamin niacin. A review of the
>>>> literature shows
>>>>
>>>> similar cases with individual lipid-lowering drugs, but this case shows
>>>> the cross-reactivity
>>>>
>>>> of the neuropathic process to different HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, and
>>>> is the first
>>>>
>>>> reported case of a peripheral neuropathy exacerbated by the use of
>>>> niacin.
>>>>
>>>> http://www.sma.org/smj1998/julysmj98/ziajka.pdf
>>>>
>>>> Phan T, McLeod JG, Pollard JD, Peiris O, Rohan A, Halpern JP.
>>>>
>>>> Peripheral neuropathy associated with simvastatin.
>>>>
>>>> J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995 May;58(5):625-8.
>>>>
>>>> PMID: 7745415 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
>>>>
>>>> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7
>>>>
>>>> 745415&dopt=Abstract
>>>>
>>>> Ahmad S.
>>>>
>>>> Lovastatin and peripheral neuropathy.
>>>>
>>>> Am Heart J. 1995 Dec;130(6):1321. No abstract available.
>>>>
>>>> PMID: 7484806 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
>>>>
>>>> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7
>>>>
>>>> 484806&dopt=Abstract
>>>>
>>>> Jacobs MB.
>>>>
>>>> HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor therapy and peripheral neuropathy.
>>>>
>>>> Ann Intern Med. 1994 Jun 1;120(11):970. No abstract available.
>>>>
>>>> PMID: 8172444 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
>>>>
>>>> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8
>>>>
>>>> 172444&dopt=Abstract
>>>>
>>>> Medication-induced peripheral neuropathy.
>>>>
>>>> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1
>>>>
>>>> 2507417&dopt=Abstract
>>>>
>>>> Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2003 Jan;3(1):86-92. Review.
>>>>
>>>> Weimer LH.
>>>>
>>>> Neurological Institute of New York, 710 West 168th Street, Unit 55, New
>>>> York, NY
>>>>
>>>> 10032, USA. Lhw1@xxxxxxxxxxxx
>>>>
>>>> PMID: 12507417 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
>>>>
>>>> "Although most cases demonstrate acute or subacute onset after exposure,
>>>> recent
>>>>
>>>> experiences with statin drugs raise the possibility of occult toxic
>>>> causes of chronic
>>>>
>>>> idiopathic neuropathy."
>>>>
>>>> Le Quesne PM. Neuropathy due to drugs. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Griffin
>>>> JW, et al,
>>>>
>>>> eds. Peripheral neuropathy. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders,
>>>> 1993:1571-1581.
>>>>
>>>> (Book, no link)
>>>>
>>>> Of interest:
>>>>
>>>> MacDonald BK, Cockerell OC, Sander WAS, Shorvon SD (2000) The incidence
>>>> and
>>>>
>>>> lifetime prevalence of neurological disorders in a prospective
>>>> community-based
>>>>
>>>> study in the UK. Brain
>>>>
>>>> 123:665-676
>>>>
>>>> General background medical Info from
>>>>
>>>> Related, but also will appear in other FAQs:
>>>>
>>>> Neuromuscular Disease Center
>>>>
>>>> Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
>>>>
>>>> Home: http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/index.html
>>>>
>>>> Under Disorders & Syndromes:
>>>>
>>>> Select:
>>>>
>>>> Myopathy: http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/maltbrain.html
>>>>
>>>> Neuropathy: http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/naltbrain.html
>>>>
>>>> Neuromuscular: http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/syaltbrain.html
>>>>
>>>> CNS (Central Nervous System):
>>>>
>>>> http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/syaltbrain.html#cns
>>>>
>>>> Specifics,
>>>>
>>>> MYOGLOBINURIA - RHABDOMYOLYSIS
>>>>
>>>> http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/msys/myoglob.html
>>>>
>>>> Then see Lipid Lowering Agent Myopathies
>>>>
>>>> http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/msys/myoglob.html#lipid
>>>>
>>>> Note that this connects to CARDIAC + MYOPATHY
>>>>
>>>> http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/msys/cardiac.html
>>>>
>>>> And to TOXIC NEUROPATHIES:
>>>>
>>>> http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/nother/toxic.htm#statin
>>>>
>>>> OR Locally supplied Search on "Statin" leads to:
>>>>
>>>> TOXIC MYOPATHIES
>>>>
>>>> http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/mother/myotox.htm
>>>>
>>>> Note also tht under Mitochondrial Disorders, the list of problems
>>>> associated with
>>>>
>>>> Coenzyme Q10 Deficiency
>>>>
>>>> http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/msys/myoglob.html#coq10
>>>>
>>>> MITOCHONDRIAL MYOPATHIES
>>>>
>>>> Facts About Mitochondrial Myopathies from the Muscular Dystrophy
>>>> Association
>>>>
>>>> http://www.mdausa.org/publications/mitochondrial_myopathies.html#whatcauses
>>>>
>>>> MEMORY LOSS & STATINS
>>>>
>>>> Frequently Asked Question: What medical research studies have
>>>>
>>>> been done on Statins and Memory Loss, or other mental
>>>>
>>>> problems that I can bring to my doctor's attention?
>>>>
>>>> (Statins: Lipitor, Mevacor, Pravachol, Zocor, Lescol, and Baycol, aka
>>>> atorvastatin,
>>>>
>>>> cerivastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin;
>>>> Nerve Damage:
>>>>
>>>> Neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, polyneuropathy; See separate FAQ for
>>>> memory loss,
>>>>
>>>> cognitive damage, amnesia and aphasia, i.e., central nervous system (CNS)
>>>> damage)
>>>>
>>>> Am J Med. 2004 Dec 1;117(11):823-9.
>>>>
>>>> Randomized trial of the effects of simvastatin on cognitive functioning
>>>> in
>>>>
>>>> hypercholesterolemic adults.
>>>>
>>>> Muldoon MF, Ryan CM, Sereika SM, Flory JD, Manuck SB.
>>>>
>>>> Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
>>>> 15260, USA.
>>>>
>>>> mfm10@xxxxxxxx
>>>>
>>>> "This study provides partial support for minor decrements in cognitive
>>>> functioning with
>>>>
>>>> statins. Whether such effects have any long-term sequelae or occur with
>>>> other
>>>>
>>>> cholesterol-lowering interventions is not known." This is the second of
>>>> two studies by
>>>>
>>>> Muldoon, both showing measurable cognitive decline in statin groups after
>>>> only 6
>>>>
>>>> months, using Neuropsych testing. Further, the cognitive deficits appear
>>>> consistently in
>>>>
>>>> specific areas.
>>>>
>>>> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstr
>>>>
>>>> act&list_uids=15589485
>>>>
>>>> Golomb BA, Yang E, Denenberg J, Criqui M (2003),
>>>>
>>>> Statin-associated adverse events. P95. Presented at the 43rd Annual
>>>> Conference on
>>>>
>>>> Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention. Miami; March 5-8.
>>>>
>>>> Muldoon MF, Ryan CM, Flory JD, Manuck SB (2002),
>>>>
>>>> Effects of simvastatin on cognitive functioning.
>>>>
>>>> Presented at the American Heart Association Scientific
>>>>
>>>> Sessions. Chicago; Nov. 17-20.
>>>>
>>>> Muldoon MF, Barger SD, Ryan CM, Flory JD, Lehoczky JP, Matthews KA,
>>>> Manuck SB.
>>>>
>>>> Effects of lovastatin on cognitive function and psychological well-being.
>>>>
>>>> After 6 months, 100% of the patients on placeboes showed a measurable
>>>> increase in
>>>>
>>>> cognitive function, and 100% of the statin patients showed a measurable
>>>> decrease in
>>>>
>>>> cognitive function.
>>>>
>>>> Am J Med. 2000 May;108(7):538-46.
>>>>
>>>> PMID: 10806282 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
>>>>
>>>> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1
>>>>
>>>> 0806282&dopt=Abstract
>>>>
>>>> Cognitive impairment associated with atorvastatin and simvastatin.
>>>>
>>>> King DS, Wilburn AJ, Wofford MR, Harrell TK, Lindley BJ, Jones DW.
>>>>
>>>> Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center,
>>>> Jackson, Mississippi
>>>>
>>>> 39216, USA. dking@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>>>>
>>>> Pharmacotherapy. 2003 Dec;23(12):1663-7.
>>>>
>>>> "we report two women who experienced significant cognitive impairment
>>>> temporally
>>>>
>>>> related to statin therapy. One woman took atorvastatin, and the other
>>>> first took
>>>>
>>>> atorvastatin, then was rechallenged with simvastatin. Clinicians should
>>>> be aware of
>>>>
>>>> cognitive impairment and dementia as potential adverse effects associated
>>>> with statin
>>>>
>>>> therapy." PMID: 14695047
>>>>
>>>> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstr
>>>>
>>>> act&list_uids=14695047
>>>>
>>>> Cognitive impairment associated with atorvastatin.
>>>>
>>>> King DS, Jones DW, Wofford MR et al. (2001), Presented at the American
>>>> College of
>>>>
>>>> Clinical Pharmacy Spring Practice and Research Forum. Salt Lake City;
>>>> April 22-25.
>>>>
>>>> Australian Adverse Drug Reactions Bulletin (Australia's equivalent to the
>>>> FDA)
>>>>
>>>> Volume 17, Number 3, August 1998, section 3, page 3
>>>>
>>>> Simvastatn is listed under "DRUGS THAT MAKE YOU FORGET"
>>>>
>>>> Recognizing the 14 reports of Amnesia under that drug, .8% of the total
>>>> adverse effects
>>>>
>>>> for that drug.
>>>>
>>>> www.health.gov.au/tga/docs/pdf/aadrbltn/aadr9808.pdf
>>>>
>>>> Statin-associated memory loss: analysis of 60 case reports and review of
>>>> the
>>>>
>>>> literature.
>>>>
>>>> Wagstaff LR, Mitton MW, Arvik BM, Doraiswamy PM.
>>>>
>>>> Drug Information Service, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North
>>>> Carolina
>>>>
>>>> 27710, USA. Pharmacotherapy. 2003 Jul;23(7):871-80.
>>>>
>>>> This study searched the MedWatch drug surveillance system of the Food and
>>>> Drug
>>>>
>>>> Administration (FDA) from November 1997-February 2002 for reports of
>>>> statinassociated
>>>>
>>>> memory loss. They also reviewed the published literature. References from
>>>>
>>>> the study are good for follow-up research.
>>>>
>>>> Abstract:
>>>>
>>>> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1
>>>>
>>>> 2885101&dopt=Abstract
>>>>
>>>> Full Study Text free on Medscape:
>>>>
>>>> http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/458867
>>>>
>>>> The Role of Lipid-Lowering Drugs in Cognitive Function: A Meta-Analysis
>>>> of
>>>>
>>>> Observational Studies
>>>>
>>>> from Pharmacotherapy
>>>>
>>>> Posted 06/30/2003
>>>>
>>>> Mahyar Etminan, Pharm.D., Sudeep Gill, M.D., FRCPC, Ali Samii, M.D.,
>>>> FRCPC
>>>>
>>>> Although this study does bring the cognitive issues to light, it is a
>>>> very poor study. The
>>>>
>>>> authors left out the pivotal study by Dr. Muldoon, that showed nearly
>>>> 100% of statin
>>>>
>>>> users had a measurable loss of cognitive ability after 6 months, while
>>>> 100% of the
>>>>
>>>> placebo group improved their scores.
>>>>
>>>> Abstract:
>>>>
>>>> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1
>>>>
>>>> 2820814&dopt=Abstract
>>>>
>>>> Full Study Text free on Medscape:
>>>>
>>>> http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/456866
>>>>
>>>> Simvastatin-Associated Memory Loss
>>>>
>>>> Amanda Orsi, Pharm.D., Olga Sherman, Pharm.D., and Zegga Woldeselassie,
>>>> Pharm.D.,
>>>>
>>>> Abstract: The statins are widely used to treat dyslipidemias. They are
>>>> generally
>>>>
>>>> associated with mild adverse effects, but rarely, more serious reactions
>>>> may occur. A 51-
>>>>
>>>> year-old man experienced delayed-onset, progressive memory loss while
>>>> receiving
>>>>
>>>> simvastatin for hypercholesterolemia. His therapy was switched to
>>>> pravastatin, and
>>>>
>>>> memory loss resolved gradually over the next month, with no recurrence of
>>>> the adverse
>>>>
>>>> effect.
>>>>
>>>> from Pharmacotherapy
>>>>
>>>> Posted 06/01/2001
>>>>
>>>> Page 1 of 3:
>>>>
>>>> http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/409738?WebLogicSession=PXke2H8h99pyNVS
>>>>
>>>> CajAh5clptzOAHJSZuNBobSwWmi9veWjdJ2A3%7C-
>>>>
>>>> 1468812056489609316/184161392/6/7001/7001/7002/7002/7001/-1
>>>>
>>>> full printable version: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/409738_print
>>>>
>>>> ADR of the Month
>>>>
>>>> September 2001 Vol. 6 No. 9
>>>>
>>>> EDITORS
>>>>
>>>> Michelle W. McCarthy, Pharm.D.
>>>>
>>>> Anne E. Hendrick, Pharm.D.
>>>>
>>>> University of Virginia Health System
>>>>
>>>> Department of Pharmacy Services
>>>>
>>>> Drug Information Center
>>>>
>>>> PO Box 800674
>>>>
>>>> Charlottesville, VA 22908-0674
>>>>
>>>> http://hsc.virginia.edu/pharmacyservices/
>>>>
>>>> Newsletters/ADR%20of%20the%20Month/ADRMonth%209-01htm.html
>>>>
>>>> The Tablet, a general member benefit published by the British Columbia
>>>> Pharmacy
>>>>
>>>> Association, September 2001, Volume 10 no 8.
>>>>
>>>> Excerpt:
>>>>
>>>> Do HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors impair memory? After taking simvastatin
>>>> for a
>>>>
>>>> year, a 51-year-old patient developed short term memory loss, to the
>>>> extent of being
>>>>
>>>> unable to complete his sentences because he would forget what he was
>>>> going to say. The
>>>>
>>>> drug was discontinued, replaced by pravastatin, and within one month his
>>>> memory
>>>>
>>>> returned.14 In a separate case, a 67-year-old woman developed impaired
>>>> short-term
>>>>
>>>> memory, altered mood, social impairment, cognitive impairment and
>>>> dementia after one
>>>>
>>>> year of atorvastatin therapy. When atorvastatin was discontinued, her
>>>> memory, mood and
>>>>
>>>> cognition improved completely.15 Memory impairment in a patient receiving
>>>> atorvastatin
>>>>
>>>> has been reported to the BC Regional ADR Centre.
>>>>
>>>> REFERENCES:
>>>>
>>>> 14. Orsi A, Sherman O, Woldeselassie Z. Simvastatin-associated memory
>>>> loss.
>>>>
>>>> 15. King DS, Jones DW, Wofford MR et al. First report of cognitive
>>>> impairment in an
>>>>
>>>> elderly patient: case report. Pharmacotherapy 2001 Mar; 21: 371.
>>>>
>>>> http://www.bcpharmacy.ca/publications/thetablet/pdf_version/BCPhA_Tablet-
>>>>
>>>> Sep2001.pdf
>>>>
>>>> See page 11 of 16:
>>>>
>>>> See also:
>>>>
>>>> Statins and risk of polyneuropathy, A case-control study
>>>>
>>>> D. Gaist, MD, PhD; U. Jeppesen, MD, PhD; M. Andersen, MD, PhD; L.A.
>>>> García
>>>>
>>>> Rodríguez, MD, MSc;
>>>>
>>>> J. Hallas, MD, PhD; and S.H. Sindrup, MD, PhD
>>>>
>>>> http://213.4.18.135/87.pdf full text
>>>>
>>>> Preclinical safety evaluation of cerivastatin, a novel HMG-CoA reductase
>>>> inhibitor.
>>>>
>>>> von Keutz E, Schluter G.
>>>>
>>>> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9
>>>>
>>>> 737641&dopt=Abstract
>>>>
>>>> Institute of Toxicology, PH-Product Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal,
>>>> Germany
>>>>
>>>> Am J Cardiol. 1998 Aug 27;82(4B):11J-17J.
>>>>
>>>> PMID: 9737641
>>>>
>>>> "In dogs, the species most sensitive to statins, cerivastatin caused
>>>> erosions and
>>>>
>>>> hemorrhages in the gastrointestinal tract, bleeding in the brain stem
>>>> with fibroid
>>>>
>>>> degeneration of vessel walls in the choroid plexus, and lens opacity."
>>>>
>>>> Subchronic toxicity of atorvastatin, a hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A
>>>> reductase
>>>>
>>>> inhibitor, in beagle dogs.
>>>>
>>>> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8
>>>>
>>>> 864188&dopt=Abstract
>>>>
>>>> Walsh KM, Albassam MA, Clarke DE.
>>>>
>>>> Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company,
>>>> Ann
>>>>
>>>> Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
>>>>
>>>> "The toxicity of atorvastatin (AT), an inhibitor of
>>>> hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A
>>>>
>>>> reductase (HMG), was evaluated in beagle dogs. hemorrhage in gallbladder
>>>> and brain,
>>>>
>>>> demyelination of optic nerve, and skeletal muscle necrosis"
>>>>
>>>> Finally, on memory loss and statins: Sworn testimony from the Baycol
>>>> trial in Corpus
>>>>
>>>> Christi, Texas. From the transcript of the AM Session on 03-05-03, in the
>>>> case Hollis
>>>>
>>>> Haltom Vs. Bayer Corporation. Testifying under oath,., in response to the
>>>> plaintiff's
>>>>
>>>> attorney's question, "What is your current position at Bayer?", LAWRENCE
>>>> POSNER,
>>>>
>>>> M.D of BAYER stated: "I'm the -- currently I'm the head of worldwide
>>>> regulatory affairs
>>>>
>>>> for our prescription drug business, which means I have responsibility in
>>>> somewhere
>>>>
>>>> between 60 and 100 countries where we sell products for registrations,
>>>> compliance,
>>>>
>>>> things of that nature." Excerpts from the trial transcript follow, with
>>>> the Q indicating
>>>>
>>>> counsel's Question, and the A indicating Dr. Posner's Answer:
>>>>
>>>> Q. So there are some concerns addressed here back in 1995 about testing
>>>> up to .8. And do
>>>>
>>>> you know what the nature of the concern was?
>>>>
>>>> A. Yes. It was related to a side effect that occurred in the brain.
>>>>
>>>> Q. Of what kind of animal?
>>>>
>>>> A. It occurred in the brain of dogs.
>>>>
>>>> Q. Okay. So there was a side effect that occurred in dogs, and then there
>>>> was a concern
>>>>
>>>> about whether you wanted to go forward and test at this higher dose level
>>>> in human
>>>>
>>>> beings, given what you had learned about the dogs, right?
>>>>
>>>> A. That's correct.
>>>>
>>>> Q. Okay. Now, did you just say, well, let's forget about these concerns
>>>> and we'll go ahead
>>>>
>>>> and put .8 on the market anyway, or did you do some further analysis that
>>>> was not
>>>>
>>>> mentioned the other day?
>>>>
>>>> A. Yes. The authors of this had -- they had two concerns. One concern was
>>>> the toxicity
>>>>
>>>> that they found in the brain of dogs. But the other was that they had no
>>>> way to identify
>>>>
>>>> this and who might be at risk before it happened. So there was no way to
>>>> detect that
>>>>
>>>> someone was at risk for this side effect.
>>>>
>>>> [skip some testimony on other topics]
>>>>
>>>> Q. Do you remember in one kind of animal there had been some studies done
>>>> that there
>>>>
>>>> could be a particular kind of problem with one kind of animal?
>>>>
>>>> A. Oh, yeah. Yes, from the -- that's correct, from the toxicology
>>>> studies.
>>>>
>>>> Q. Okay. And were you able to demonstrate to your own satisfaction, to
>>>> SmithKline's
>>>>
>>>> satisfaction, to the FDA's satisfaction, that that particular problem
>>>> that showed up with
>>>>
>>>> that kind of animal is not something that happens in human beings?
>>>>
>>>> A. Yes. We did it -- we did it by explaining the toxicology data. We also
>>>> explained it on
>>>>
>>>> the basis of kinetic data. That actually at the higher levels of drug,
>>>> what happens is a
>>>>
>>>> certain amount of drug is bound to proteins in the body that circulate;
>>>> and therefore, is
>>>>
>>>> not -- cannot cause side effects. And actually, a much smaller proportion
>>>> of the drug is
>>>>
>>>> free. And that what you corrected for that, you actually found out that
>>>> the margins of
>>>>
>>>> safety were in fact greater than you would predict just from the animal
>>>> data.
>>>>
>>>> Q. And as you move forward then and got approval and sold Baycol from
>>>> 1997 through
>>>>
>>>> 2001, did that problem that had shown up with that one kind of animal
>>>> ever become a
>>>>
>>>> problem with human beings?
>>>>
>>>> A. It was actually shown with other statins as well. It wasn't unique to
>>>> cerivastatin. It was
>>>>
>>>> a problem -- it was identified early on with lovastatin and some of the
>>>> others. In fact, for
>>>>
>>>> none of the statins did it ever predict for any clinical problem or
>>>> toxicity.
>>>>
>>>> Q. So these animals would have that same problem regardless of which
>>>> statin -- or at
>>>>
>>>> least with other statins?
>>>>
>>>> A. Certainly with lovastatin it was true.
>>>>
>>>> Q. But when it came time to human beings, that just wasn't something that
>>>> happened to
>>>>
>>>> human beings?
>>>>
>>>> A. And I think today no one pays much attention to it.
>>>>
>>>> AMNESIA & STATINS
>>>>
>>>> Frequently Asked Question: Amnesia is one of the Lipitor side
>>>>
>>>> effects reported by Pfizer on the Physician's Information, where
>>>>
>>>> can I find out more about people who have had amnesia
>>>>
>>>> episodes while taking the drug?
>>>>
>>>> Lipitor, Thief of Memory, by Duane Graveline M.D.
>>>>
>>>> Dr. Graveline, retired family MD, USAF Flight Surgeon, researcher in
>>>> space medicine
>>>>
>>>> and US Astronaut, who suffered adverse effects from Lipitor, maintains
>>>> several websites
>>>>
>>>> and is working on a second book about statin adverse effects, including
>>>> statin-related
>>>>
>>>> memory loss and amnesia at:
>>>>
>>>> www.spacedoc.net (you can start here and read about his life and his
>>>> books)
>>>>
>>>> http://www.spacedoc.net/lipitor_thief_of_memory.html
>>>>
>>>> http://www.spacedoc.net/lipitor.htm
>>>>
>>>> http://www.spacedoc.net/statin_dialogues.htm
>>>>
>>>> Australian Adverse Drug Reactions Bulletin (Australia's equivalent to the
>>>>
>>>> FDA)
>>>>
>>>> Volume 17, Number 3, August 1998, section 3, page 3
>>>>
>>>> Simvastatn is listed under "DRUGS THAT MAKE YOU FORGET"
>>>>
>>>> Recognizing the 14 reports of Amnesia under that drug, .8% of the total
>>>> adverse effects
>>>>
>>>> for that drug.
>>>>
>>>> www.health.gov.au/tga/docs/pdf/aadrbltn/aadr9808.pdf
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> "Sharon Hope" <shope@xxxxxxxx> wrote in message
>>>> news:U6udnX0Qjv2BMSTenZ2dnUVZ_vmdnZ2d@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>>>>> Myelin sheath = cholesterol
>>>>>
>>>>> Breakdown of myelin sheath = memory loss
>>>>>
>>>>> Statins = removal of cholesterol & breakdown of myelin sheath
>>>>>
>>>>> Statins = memory loss
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> From the wife of a man still in his 50's who is hitting his 4th
>>>>> anniversary off Lipitor (on for 4 years at 10 mg/day) who still has
>>>>> massive disabling memory loss directly due to Lipitor adverse effects,
>>>>> with all other possible causes ruled out. Memory improving, from below
>>>>> 1 percentile to 'impaired' levels, still disabled.
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> "listener" <listener@xxxxxxxxxx> wrote in message
>>>>> news:Xns973FB1C366FEsome1outthere@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>>>>>> WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The breakdown of myelin, a sheet of fat that
>>>>>> insulates nerves and helps speed messages through the brain, appears to
>>>>>> be a key contributor to the onset of Alzheimer's disease, a study
>>>>>> published on Monday said.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Researchers at UCLA, who reported their findings in the journal
>>>>>> Archives
>>>>>> of General Psychiatry, used magnetic resonance imaging to assess the
>>>>>> breakdown of myelin in 104 healthy adults between the ages of 55 and
>>>>>> 75.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> They found the severity and rate of myelin breakdown was correlated
>>>>>> with
>>>>>> the type of APOE, or apolipoprotein-E, gene a person had. Previous
>>>>>> research has shown APOE status to be the second biggest risk factor for
>>>>>> the disease after aging, with a version called APOE-4 putting persons
>>>>>> at
>>>>>> highest risk.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The study found the breakdown of myelin, a natural part of the aging
>>>>>> process, proceeded most rapidly for those with APOE-4, less so for
>>>>>> those
>>>>>> with APOE-3 and most slowly for those with APOE-2. APOE-2 is thought to
>>>>>> offer some protection from Alzheimer's, while APOE-3 is seen as
>>>>>> neutral.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> "These new findings offer, for the first time, compelling genetic
>>>>>> evidence that myelin breakdown underlies both the advanced age and the
>>>>>> principal genetic risks for Alzheimer disease," said Dr. George
>>>>>> Bartzokis, professor of neurology at UCLA's David Geffen School of
>>>>>> Medicine.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Myelin has a very high cholesterol content. As it builds up,
>>>>>> cholesterol
>>>>>> levels in the brain increase and eventually promote the production of a
>>>>>> toxin that attacks the myelin.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Bartzokis said in an interview the study opened up a potential avenue
>>>>>> to
>>>>>> preventive care since it showed you could track one of the underlying
>>>>>> factors for the progressive brain disorder, which afflicts an estimated
>>>>>> 4.5 million Americans.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Combining genetic testing with an MRI evaluation of myelin breakdown
>>>>>> could help assess potential preventive treatments, he said.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia, is an
>>>>>> irreversible
>>>>>> disorder that results in memory loss and a decline in cognitive
>>>>>> abilities.
>>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>
>>>
>>
>>
>
>


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