How far from sugar is splenda? Pallavi Gogoi, businessweek.com 2005.02.02: Murray 2005.02.04 rmforall

From: Rich Murray (rmforall_at_att.net)
Date: 02/04/05 

Date: Fri, 4 Feb 2005 02:04:22 -0700

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1150
How far from sugar is splenda? Pallavi Gogoi, businessweek.com 2005.02.02:
Murray 2005.02.04 rmforall

[ Comments by Rich Murray: Defensive, arrogantly closed-minded group think
can lead to lemming-like mass rushes straight over the cliff, or a charge of
the Light Brigade straight into the guns. In this case, we have the
spectacle of an aspartame company suing its very successful sucralose
competitor, bringing issues of false and misleading advertising about the
safety and "naturalness" of ingredients into the always risky arenas of
court battle, informed professional judgement, and public opinion.

It is highly unusual for a mainstream media article about aspartame to
mention by name two capable activists, Betty Martini and her Mission
Possible International network, and Russel L. Blaylock, MD, along with the
title of his detailed review of mainstream scientific research -- instead of
the usual vague defamatory hints about "unfounded rumors", "Internet
hoaxes", and "lurid anecdotal claims" by nameless nobodies.

Unusual also, that the reporter's email address is given, and the name of
the higher level editor -- these signs suggest that Business Week has
reasons to present this story as a serious issue, and give leads for
concerned readers to do immediate followup explorations on the Net.

The climate of opinion about the actual hazards of aspartame is shifting
strongly.

Indeed, there is abundant mainstream evidence that the 11% methanol
component of aspartame, although surely a "natural" ingredient, is a potent
source for its inevitable breakdown products in the human body, formaldehyde
and formic acid, both "natural", and both cumulatively toxic to all tissues.
The truth about the long trumpeted "most widely tested food additive in
history" is that the actual toxicity, especially in the many vulnerable
human groups, is virtually unresearched, as the thorough 2001 review by M.
Bouchard et al describes at length. ]

http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2005/tc2005022_7832_tc024.htm

FEBRUARY 2, 2005

NEWS ANALYSIS :TECH By Pallavi Gogoi
Pallavi Gogoi <pallavi_gogoi@businessweek.com>

How Far from Sugar Is Splenda?

NutraSweet's maker and others say the upstart no-calorie sweetener isn't
really made from sugar -- and they're suing

"Think sugar, say Splenda," is the catchy advertising slogan for this
no-calorie tabletop sweetener. Splenda has been so successful that in just
four years it has captured more than 50% of the $1 billion
artificial-sweetener market in the U.S., nudging aside market leaders
NutraSweet and Equal.

Splenda, or sucralose as it's known in the industry, is also found in some
low-calorie sodas, such as C2 from Coca-Cola (KO ), Edge from Pepsi (PEP),
and upwards of 4,000 packaged-food products. An additional advantage for
Splenda: Unlike aspartame (the key ingredient in Equal and NutraSweet), this
additive retains its taste when heated.

Now a host of lawsuits from rivals and individuals questions whether Splenda
can really claim that it's made from sugar since the final product is
several steps removed from its natural form.

CONFUSING CONSUMERS?

Merisant, maker of NutraSweet and Equal; the Sugar Assn., an industry trade
group; and at least three individuals have filed separate suits challenging
how Splenda is marketed. They claim that marketing by McNeil Nutritionals,
the division of Johnson & Johnson (JNJ ) that distributes Splenda in the
U.S., "confuses" the public. They alleged that Splenda is actually a highly
processed chemical sweetener, created with chlorine and other compounds.

"Splenda misleads consumers into believing that it's made from natural sugar
when it's not," says Jeff Leshay, a spokesman for Merisant. The individuals,
Peggy Patton and Marc Backer from California and Bobby Allen Green from
Florida have filed separate class actions against McNeil.

Splenda's maker, Britain's Tate & Lyle (TATYY ) says sucralose is derived
from sugar (see BW Online, 1/19/05, "It's Not All Sweetness for Splenda").
Ferne Hudson, spokesperson for Tate & Lyle explains: "Sucralose is a sugar
molecule with three of the hydroxyl groups replaced with chlorine atoms."

FDA O.K.

Merisant's lawsuit states, and Hudson confirms, that sucralose is
a compound derived from sugar. And the little yellow sachets that are sold
for table-top use also contain dextrose, a simple form of sugar, and
maltodextrin, a digestible carbohydrate made from natural corn starch.

The lawsuits don't question Splenda's safety, but others have wondered
whether something with so many chemicals in it is safe for long-term heavy
use. The U.S. Food & Drug Administration has approved Splenda and other
sugar substitutes as safe for human consumption. The agency O.K.'d the sale
of aspartame in 1981 and sucralose in 1998.

Some consumer groups are convinced none of the sugar substitutes are safe
and that NutraSweet suing Splenda is "like the pot calling the kettle
black," scoffs Betty Martini, founder of Mission Possible International, a
group that warns about the alleged dangers of aspartame. Martini says some
studies conducted in the 1970s showed that aspartame caused brain tumors in
laboratory animals.

Indeed, the FDA had in 1979 set up a public board of inquiry to review the
scientific data on aspartame. The board, worried about the brain tumors,
recommended further study. But the FDA, after additional evaluation from its
own scientists, approved aspartame in 1981.

MORE INFO COMING?

The controversy didn't die down, and in 1996 the Journal of Neuropathology &
Experimental Neurology again alluded to the possible link, citing an
increase in brain tumors after aspartame was approved. Soon after that
article, the FDA released another statement that it stands behind its
approval decision.

If the lawsuits against Splenda end up in open court, it could lead to more
scrutiny of artificial sweeteners, and more information about their safety
might become available to the general public. The courts could then answer
whether these products are really as harmful as some detractors, such as
Russell L. Blaylock, a neurosurgeon based in Ridgeland, Miss., has argued.
Blaylock is the author of several books including Excitotoxins: The Taste
that Kills, and he warns against the heavy use of Splenda.

And Splenda's maker vigorously defends the product's safety and also its
right to market the substitute as a derivative of sugar. What do rivals say?
See ya in court.

Gogoi is a reporter for BusinessWeek Online in New York
Edited by Beth Belton

Copyright 2000-2004, by The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.
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http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1090
aspartame, MSG, excitotoxins, NMDA glutamate receptors, multiple sclerosis:
Blaylock: Martini: Murray 2004.06.09 rmforall

http://www.splenda.com/
©McNeil Nutritionals LLC, 2004 Ft. Washington PA, USA.
Questions or comments? Call 1-800-777-5363
http://www.splenda.com/vcrc/email/emailform.jhtml

http://www.splenda.com/page.jhtml?id=splenda/hcp/basics.inc

http://www.splenda.com/page.jhtml?id=splenda/hcp/safety.inc

http://www.splenda.com/page.jhtml?id=splenda/hcp/regapproval.inc

http://news.corporate.findlaw.com/prnewswire/20050118/18jan2005103540.html
CONTACT: Monica Neufang, +1-215-273-8812, mneufan@mcnus.jnj.com, or
Cathy Grayson-Roper, +1-732-524-6372, cgrayson@mcnus.jnj.com, both of McNeil
Nutritionals, LLC

http://www.jnj.com/news/jnj_news/20040219_091613.htm
Johnson & Johnson: McNeil Nutritionals, a division of McNeil-PPC, Inc.
[ McNeil Nutritionals, a Division of McNeil- PPC, Inc. is one of the
largest members of a worldwide giant - the Johnson & Johnson Family of
Companies. Johnson & Johnson is a diverse, global health care concern
comprised of approximately 175 companies marketing products in more than 54
countries.
Johnson & Johnson acquired McNeil Laboratories in 1959, beginning a
profitable affiliation. Soon after the acquisition, McNeil moved to our
present 110-acre site in Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, a suburb of
Philadelphia.
In October 1998, McNeil Consumer Products Company changed its name to McNeil
Nutritionals, a Division of McNeil- PPC, Inc. Company in keeping with the
Company's vision of fulfilling consumer healthcare needs. ]
501 George St., New Brunswick, NJ 08903
Phone: Toll-Free: 800-777-5363 www.ingredient.splenda.com

Johnson & Johnson [ employing approximately 109,900 people worldwide ]
One Johnson & Johnson Plaza, Room WH 2133, New Brunswick, NJ 08933

http://www.jnj.com/investor/corp_gov_form_board.htm
contact Presiding Director of the Board of Directors

http://www.investor.jnj.com/governance/BioDetail.cfm?BioID=3186

http://www.investor.jnj.com/governance/committee.cfm?textOnly=false#sci

Board of Directors, Science and Technology Committee

Name: Gerard N. Burrow M.D. Chairman
Title: President and Chief Executive Officer
Company: Sea Research Foundation
Biography: Dr. Burrow, 71, was elected to the Board of Directors in 1993 and
is a member of the Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee and Chairman
of the Science & Technology Advisory Committee. He has been serving in his
current position since January 1, 2002, following 10 years at Yale
University. Dr. Burrow had served as Special Advisor to the President of
Yale University for Health Affairs since 1997, following service since 1992
as Dean of the Yale University School of Medicine. He previously served as
Vice Chancellor for health sciences and Dean of the University of
California, San Diego School of Medicine. Dr. Burrow is a member of the
Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences and a Fellow of
the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is also a
Director of The University of Connecticut Health Center and Sea Research
Foundation.
http://info.med.yale.edu/intmed/endocrin/faculty/burrow.html
Gerard N. Burrow, M.D., Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar
Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8055

Sea Research Foundation, 55 Coogan Boulevard, Mystic, CT 06355
Phone: 860 572 5955, ext. 401 Fax: 860 572 5969 gburrow@searesearch.org

Name: Mary Sue Coleman Member marysuec@umich.edu
Business Phone: +1 734 764 6270
Title: President of the University of Michigan
Biography: Dr. Coleman, 60, was elected to the Board of Directors in
September 2003 and is a member of the Audit Committee and the Science &
Technology Advisory Committee. She has served as President of the University
of Michigan since August 2002, after having served as President of the
University of Iowa from 1995 to July 2002. In addition to her current
position as President, Dr. Coleman is a professor of biological chemistry in
the University of Michigan Medical School and a professor of chemistry in
the University of Michigan College of Literature, Science and the Arts.
Prior to 1995, Dr. Coleman served as Provost and Vice President for Academic
Affairs at the University of New Mexico, Vice Chancellor for Graduate
Studies & Research and Associate Provost and Dean of Research at the
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and a member of the
biochemistry faculty and an administrator at the Cancer Center of the
University of Kentucky in Lexington. Elected to the National Academy of
Sciences' Institute of Medicine in 1997, Dr. Coleman is a Fellow of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Association for the
Advancement of Science. She co-chairs the Institute of Medicine's Committee
on the Consequences of Uninsurance. Dr. Coleman is a director of Meredith
Corporation.

Name: M. Judah Folkman M.D. Member
Phone: 617-355-7661 Fax: 617-739-5891 judah.folkman@childrens.harvard.edu
Title: Senior Associate in Surgery and Director, Surgical Research
Laboratory, Children's Hospital and Andrus Professor of Pediatric Surgery
and Professor of Cell Biology, Havard Medical School, Department of Surgery
Biography: Dr. Folkman, 71, was elected to the Board of Directors in 1998
and is a member of the Science & Technology Advisory Committee and the
Public Policy Advisory Committee. Dr. Folkman has been with Children's
Hospital since 1967, having served as Surgeon-in-Chief of Children's
Hospital from 1967 to 1981, and with Harvard Medical School since 1967. He
is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences. In recognition of his founding the field of angiogenesis
research he has received numerous honorary degrees and awards, including,
the 2002 Ronald McDonald House Charities Award of Excellence, The Franklin
Institute's 2001 Benjamin Franklin Award in Life Science, the 1998 Keio
University (Tokyo) Medical Science Prize and the 1997 Charles S. Mott Prize
of the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation.

Name: Susan Lindquist, Ph.D Member
lindquist_admin@wi.mit.edu phone: (617) 258-5184
Title: Director, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Professor
of Biology
Company: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Biography: Dr. Lindquist, 54, was elected to the Board of Directors in
February 2004 and is a member of the Science & Technology Advisory Committee
and the Public Policy Advisory Committee. Dr. Lindquist has served
concurrently as Director of Whitehead Institute, a non-profit, independent
research and educational institution, and a Professor of Biology at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology since 2001. Previously she had been
affiliated with the University of Chicago for over 20 years, most recently
as the Albert D. Lasker Professor of Medical Sciences in the Department of
Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology. Between 1988 and 2001, Dr. Lindquist
was also an Investigator in the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. She was
elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1996 and the
National Academy of Sciences in 1997 and became a Fellow in the American
Academy of Microbiology in 1997. Dr. Lindquist has received the Novartis
Drew Award in Biomedical Research (2000) and in 2002 was named by Discover
Magazine as one of the 50 most important women in science. She is a Director
of Fold-Rx, a private start-up company.

Name: David Satcher M.D., Ph.D. Member
404-756-5767 404-756-5740 Fax ncpc@msm.edu
Title: Director, National Center for Primary Care
Company: Morehouse School of Medicine
Biography: Dr. Satcher, 63, was elected to the Board of Directors in 2002
and is a member of the Science & Technology Advisory Committee and the
Public Policy Advisory Committee. Dr. Satcher assumed his current post at
Morehouse School of Medicine in September 2002. In February 2002, Dr.
Satcher completed his four-year term as the Surgeon General of the United
States. He also served as the U.S. Assistant Secretary for Health from
February 1998 to January 2001. From 1993 to 1998, Dr. Satcher served as
Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Administrator
of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Dr. Satcher served
as President of Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee from 1982 to
1993. Dr. Satcher is a fellow of the American Academy of Family Physicians,
the American College of Preventive Medicine and the American College of
Physicians. He has received numerous honorary degrees and awards, including
the Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter Award for Humanitarian Contributions to the
Health of Humankind, the New York Academy of Medicine Lifetime Achievement
Award and the National Association of Mental Illness Distinguished Service
Award. Dr. Satcher serves on the Boards of Action for Healthy Kids, American
Foundation for Suicide Prevention, Kaiser Family Foundation and Task Force
on Child Survival.

Brian Perkins, worldwide chairman, Consumer Pharmaceuticals & Nutritionals
Group, Johnson & Johnson

http://www.tateandlyle.co.uk/TateAndLyle/default.htm
Tate & Lyle PLC
Head Office -
Corporate and Investor Relations, Company Secretariat, Treasury, Finance:
Sugar Quay, Lower Thames Street, London EC3R 6DQ, United Kingdom
Phone 1: (+44) (0)20 7626 6525 Fax 1: (+44) (0)20 7623 5213
http://www.tateandlyle.co.uk/TateAndLyle/our_business/key_people/iain_ferguson.htm
Iain Ferguson, chief executive of Tate & Lyle PLC

Beth Belton beth_belton@businessweek.com;
Pallavi Gogoi pallavi_gogoi@businessweek.com;
Ferne Hudson Ferne.Hudson@tateandlyle.com;
Mark Robinson <investorrelations@tateandlyle.com>;
Iain Ferguson Iain.Ferguson@tateandlyle.com;
Robert Gibber robert.gibber@tateandlyle.com;

<recruitment@tateandlyle.com>; <talfiie.careers@tateandlyle.com>;
<thomas.jakob@tateandlyle.com>; <gavin.wakley@tateandlyle.com>;
<graham.hansen@tateandlyle.com>; <viv.tierney@tateandlyle.com>;
<georgibarbosa@tateandlyle.com>; <GrierM@tateandlyle.co.uk>;
<luc.bolangier@tateandlyle.com>; <christine.caus@tateandlyle.com>;
adrian.cook@tateandlyle.com; <victoria.betteridge@tateandlyle.com>;
<michael.grier@tateandlyle.com>;

http://www.prweb.com/releases/2004/12/prweb186251.htm
The Irony of Better Living Through Chemistry: Equal and Splenda Throw Blows
Over Advertising Claims -- May The Best Chemist Win 2004.12.08
Stephanie Rosen Thomas J. King "Thom"
Steviva Brands, Inc. http://www.steviva.com
818 SW 3rd Ave., Suite 1340, Portland, OR 97204
Phone: 1.800.851.6314 Fax: 1.310.388.5393
info@steviva.com; sales@steviva.com;

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/841
RTM: Merisant Co., MSD Capital, Dell Computer Corp., NutraSweet Co.,
JW Childs Assc.: aspartame-neotame toxicity 7.10.2 rmforall

http://www.merisant.com/pages/homepage.asp
Merisant, 10 South Riverside Plaza, Suite 850 , Chicago, Illinois 60606
Ph. 312.840.6000 [ > $350 million revenues ]
[ Equal, Canderel, Sweetmate ]
http://www.merisant.com/pages/contact/index.asp
http://www.merisant.com/pages/about_merisant/biographies.asp
Paul R. Block CEO, started 2004.11.08 , replacing Etienne Veber.
Arnold W. Donald Chairman of the Boards of the Company
Anne Linsdau EVP anne.linsdau@merisant.com
Don Hotz CFO don.hotz@merisant.com
Warren Grayson General Counsel warren.grayson@merisant.com

anita.j.hayman@nutrasweet.com; neotameinformation@nutrasweet.com;
craig.swan@nutrasweet.com; karl.t.sestak@merisant.com;

razzia@mail.index.hu; ascotto@ohpny.com; gbayly@ameritech.net;
jakelajoie@roarkcapital.com; shawnwelch@roarkcapital.com;
scottpressly@roarkcapital.com; danlonergan@roarkcapital.com;
nealaronson@roarkcapital.com; Dale.A.Mayhew@nutrasweet.com;
carla.g.thomann@nutrasweet.com; shirley.kwok@nutrasweet.com;
sales.brazil@nutrasweet.com; james.j.demons@nutrasweet.com;

santiago.gey@merisant.com; Gerard.Lopez@Merisant.com;
alpaslan.korkmaz@ne.ch ; robert.o.border@merisant.com ;
cristian.p.girardi@merisant.com;
club.equal.nz@merisant.com; david.stawiaj@merisant.com ;
chad.l.ness@merisant.com ; robert.c.peterson@merisant.com ;
santiago.gey@merisant.com ; albert.luong@merisant.com ;
mandy.buytenhuys@merisant.com ;
melinda.barve@merisant.com ; catherine.elseneer@merisant.com ;
agnes.gruber@merisant.com ; chaisucha.chotipurk@merisant.com ;
gary.robinson@merisant.com ; monica.pienaar@merisant.com ;
robert.c.peterson@merisant.com ;

recruiting@msdcapital.com; info@jwchilds.com;
*************************************************************

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1143
methanol (formaldehyde, formic acid) disposition: Bouchard M et al, full
plain text, 2001: substantial sources are degradation of fruit pectins,
liquors, aspartame, smoke: Murray 2005.02.02 rmforall

"That substantial amounts of methanol metabolites or by-products are
retained for a long time is verified by Horton et al. (1992) who estimated
that 18 h following an iv injection of 100 mg/kg of 14C-methanol in male
Fischer-344 rats, only 57% of the dose was eliminated from the body.

>From the data of Dorman et al. (1994) and Medinsky et al. (1997), it can
further be calculated that 48 h following the start of a 2-h inhalation
exposure to 900 ppm of 14C-methanol vapors in female cynomolgus monkeys,
only 23% of the absorbed 14C-methanol was eliminated from the body.

These findings are corroborated by the data of Heck et al. (1983) showing
that 40% of a 14C-formaldehyde inhalation dose remained in the body 70 h
postexposure."

"Exposure to methanol also results from the consumption of certain
foodstuffs (fruits, fruit juices, certain vegetables, aspartame sweetener,
roasted coffee, honey) and alcoholic beverages (Health Effects Institute,
1987; Jacobsen et al., 1988)."

"However, the severe toxic effects are usually associated with the
production and accumulation of formic acid, which causes metabolic acidosis
and visual impairment that can lead to blindness and death at blood
concentrations of methanol above 31 mmol/l (Røe, 1982; Tephly and McMartin,
1984; U.S. DHHS, 1993).

Although the acute toxic effects of methanol in humans are well documented,
little is known about the chronic effects of low exposure doses, which are
of interest in view of the potential use of methanol as an engine fuel and
current use as a solvent and chemical intermediate.

Gestational exposure studies in pregnant rodents (mice and rats) have also
shown that high methanol inhalation exposures (5000 or 10,000 ppm and more,
7 h/day during days 6 or 7 to 15 of gestation) can induce birth defects
(Bolon et al., 1993; IPCS, 1997; Nelson et al., 1985)."

"The corresponding average elimination half-life of absorbed methanol
through metabolism to formaldehyde was estimated to be 1.3, 0.7-3.2, and 1.7
h."

"Inversely, in monkeys and in humans, a larger fraction of body burden of
formaldehyde is rapidly transferred to a long-term component.
The latter represents the formaldehyde that (directly or after oxidation to
formate) binds to various endogenous molecules..."

"Animal studies have reported that systemic methanol is eliminated mainly by
metabolism (70 to 97% of absorbed dose) and only a small fraction is
eliminated as unchanged methanol in urine and in the expired air (< 3-4%)
(Dorman et al., 1994; Horton et al., 1992).

Systemic methanol is extensively metabolized by liver alcohol dehydrogenase
and catalase-peroxidase enzymes to formaldehyde, which is in turn rapidly
oxidized to formic acid by formaldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes (Goodman and
Tephly, 1968; Heck et al., 1983; Røe, 1982; Tephly and McMartin, 1984).

Under physiological conditions, formic acid dissociates to formate and
hydrogen ions.

Current evidence indicates that, in rodents, methanol is converted mainly by
the catalase-peroxidase system whereas monkeys and humans metabolize
methanol mainly through the alcohol dehydrogenase system (Goodman and
Tephly, 1968; Tephly and McMartin, 1984).

Formaldehyde, as it is highly reactive, forms relatively stable adducts with
cellular constituents (Heck et al., 1983; Røe, 1982)."

"The whole body loads of methanol, formaldehyde, formate, and unobserved
by-products of formaldehyde metabolism were followed.

Since methanol distributes quite evenly in the total body water, detailed
compartmental representation of body tissue loads was not deemed necessary."

"According to model predictions, congruent with the data in the literature
(Dorman et al., 1994; Horton et al., 1992), a certain fraction of
formaldehyde is readily oxidized to formate, a major fraction of which is
rapidly converted to CO2 and exhaled, whereas a small fraction is excreted
as formic acid in urine.

However, fits to the available data in rats and monkeys of Horton et al.
(1992) and Dorman et al. (1994) show that, once formed, a substantial
fraction of formaldehyde is converted to unobserved forms.

This pathway contributes to a long-term unobserved compartment.

The latter, most plausibly, represents either the formaldehyde that
(directly or after oxidation to formate) binds to various endogenous
molecules (Heck et al., 1983; Røe, 1982)
or is incorporated in the tetrahydrofolic-acid-dependent one-carbon pathway
to become the building block of a number of synthetic pathways (Røe, 1982;
Tephly and McMartin, 1984).

That substantial amounts of methanol metabolites or by-products are retained
for a long time is verified by Horton et al. (1992) who estimated that 18 h
following an iv injection of 100 mg/kg of 14C-methanol in male Fischer-344
rats, only 57% of the dose was eliminated from the body.

>From the data of Dorman et al. (1994) and Medinsky et al. (1997), it can
further be calculated that 48 h following the start of a 2-h inhalation
exposure to 900 ppm of 14C-methanol vapors in female cynomolgus monkeys,
only 23% of the absorbed 14C-methanol was eliminated from the body.

These findings are corroborated by the data of Heck et al. (1983) showing
that 40% of a 14C-formaldehyde inhalation dose remained in the body 70 h
postexposure.

In the present study, the model proposed rests on acute exposure data, where
the time profiles of methanol and its metabolites were determined only over
short time periods (a maximum of 6 h of exposure and a maximum of 48 h
postexposure).

This does not allow observation of the slow release from the long-term
components.

It is to be noted that most of the published studies on the detailed
disposition kinetics of methanol regard controlled short-term (iv injection
or continuous inhalation exposure over a few hours) methanol exposures in
rats, primates, and humans (Batterman et al., 1998; Damian and Raabe, 1996;
Dorman et al., 1994; Ferry et al., 1980; Fisher et al., 2000; Franzblau et
al., 1995; Horton et al., 1992; Jacobsen et al., 1988; Osterloh et al.,
1996; Pollack et al., 1993; Sedivec et al., 1981; Ward et al., 1995; Ward
and Pollack, 1996).

Experimental studies on the detailed time profiles following controlled
repeated exposures to methanol are lacking."

"Thus, in monkeys and plausibly humans, a much larger fraction of body
formaldehyde is rapidly converted to unobserved forms rather than passed on
to formate and eventually CO2."

"However, the volume of distribution of formate was larger than that of
methanol, which strongly suggests that formate distributes in body
constituents other than water, such as proteins.

The closeness of our simulations to the available experimental data on the
time course of formate blood concentrations is consistent with the volume of
distribution concept (i.e., rapid exchanges between the nonblood pool of
formate and blood formate)."

"Also, background concentrations of formate are subject to wide
interindividual variations (Baumann and Angerer, 1979; D'Alessandro et al.,
1994; Franzblau et al., 1995; Heinrich and Angerer, 1982; Lee et al., 1992;
Osterloh et al., 1996; Sedivec et al., 1981)."
*************************************************************

http://www.toxsci.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/full/64/2/169

Toxicological Sciences 64, 169-184 (2001)
Copyright © 2001 by the Society of Toxicology

BIOTRANSFORMATION AND TOXICOKINETIC

A Biologically Based Dynamic Model for Predicting the Disposition of
Methanol and Its Metabolites in Animals and Humans

Michèle Bouchard *, #,1, bouchmic@magellan.umontreal.ca

Robert C. Brunet, # brunet@dms.umontreal.ca

Pierre-Olivier Droz, #

and Gaétan Carrier* gaetan.carrier@umontreal.ca

* Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine,
Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Main Station, Montréal, Québec,
Canada, H3C 3J7;

# Institut Universitaire romand de Santé au Travail, rue du Bugnon 19,
CH-1005, Lausanne, Switzerland, and

# Département de Mathématiques et de Statistique and Centre de Recherches
Mathématiques, Faculté des arts et des sciences, Université de Montréal,
P.O. Box 6128, Main Station, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7

NOTES

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed at Département de santé
environnementale et santé au travail, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128,
Main Station, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada. Fax: (514) 343-2200.
E-mail: bouchmic@magellan.umontreal.ca

Received May 10, 2001; accepted August 28, 2001

ABSTRACT
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHOD AND MODEL PRESENTATION
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
APPENDIX
REFERENCES
*************************************************************

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1140
EPA Preliminary Remedial Goals, PRGs, 2003 Oct, air and tap water --
methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid -- not mentioned is methanol from
aspartame, dark wines and liquors: Murray 2004.11.20 rmforall

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1141
Nurses Health Study can quickly reveal the extent of aspartame (methanol,
formaldehyde, formic acid) toxicity: Murray 2004.11.21 rmforall

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/870
Aspartame: Methanol and the Public Interest 1984: Monte:
Murray 2002.09.23 rmforall

Dr. Woodrow C. Monte Aspartame: methanol, and the public health.
Journal of Applied Nutrition 1984; 36 (1): 42-54.
(62 references) Professsor of Food Science
Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 woodymonte@xtra.co.nz
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http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1016
President Bush & formaldehyde (aspartame) toxicity: Ramazzini Foundation
carcinogenicity results Dec 2002: Soffritti: Murray 8.3.3 rmforall

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1108
faults in 1999 July EPA 468-page formaldehyde profile:
Elzbieta Skrzydlewska PhD, Assc. Prof., Medical U. of Bialystok, Poland,
abstracts -- ethanol, methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, acetaldehyde,
lipid peroxidation, green tea, aging, Lyme disease:
Murray 2004.08.08 rmforall

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/927
Donald Rumsfeld, 1977 head of Searle Corp., got aspartame FDA approval:
Turner: Murray 2002.12.23 rmforall

A very detailed, highly credible account of the dubious approval process for
aspartame in July, 1981 is part of the just released two-hour documentary
"Sweet Misery, A Poisoned World: An Industry Case Study of a Food Supply
In Crisis" by Cori Brackett: cori@soundandfuryproductions.com
http://www.soundandfuryproductions.com/ 520-624-9710
2301 East Broadway, Suite 111 Tucson, AZ 85719

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartame/messages
Aspartame Victims Support Group Edward Bryant Holman, Chief Moderator
817 members, 18,034 posts in a public, searchable archive
http://www.presidiotex.com/aspartame/ bryanth@presidiotex.net

http://www.HolisticMed.com/aspartame mgold@holisticmed.com
Aspartame Toxicity Information Center Mark D. Gold also Co-Moderator
12 East Side Drive #2-18 Concord, NH 03301 603-225-2110
http://www.holisticmed.com/aspartame/abuse/methanol.html
"Scientific Abuse in Aspartame Research"

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/957
safety of aspartame Part 1/2 12.4.2: EC HCPD-G SCF:
Murray 2003.01.12 rmforall EU Scientific Committee on Food, a whitewash

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1045
http://www.holisticmed.com/aspartame/scf2002-response.htm
Mark Gold exhaustively critiques European Commission Scientific
Committee on Food re aspartame ( 2002.12.04 ): 59 pages, 230 references

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1131
genotoxicity of aspartame in human lymphocytes 2004.07.29 full plain text,
Rencuzogullari E et al, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey 2004 Aug: Murray
2004.11.06 rmforall

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1088
Murray, full plain text & critique:
chronic aspartame in rats affects memory, brain cholinergic receptors, and
brain chemistry, Christian B, McConnaughey M et al, 2004 May:
2004.06.05 rmforall

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1067
eyelid contact dermatitis by formaldehyde from aspartame, AM Hill & DV
Belsito, Nov 2003: Murray 3.30.4 rmforall [ 150 KB ]
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Rich Murray, MA Room For All rmforall@comcast.net
1943 Otowi Road, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 USA 505-501-2298
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/messages
139 members, 1,150 posts in a public searchable archive
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