DHA is good for the brain, helps in Alzheimer's disease
- From: Matti Narkia <mnng1@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
- Date: Mon, 12 Sep 2005 14:43:31 +0300
Below some references about benefits of long chain omega-3 fatty acids for
the brain function:
Lukiw WJ, Cui JG, Marcheselli VL, Bodker M, Botkjaer A, Gotlinger K, Serhan
CN, Bazan NG.
A role for docosahexaenoic acid- derived neuroprotectin D1 in neural cell
survival and Alzheimer disease.
J Clin Invest. 2005 Sep 8; [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 16151530 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
<http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/abstract/JCI25420v1>
<http://www.jci.org/cgi/reprint/JCI25420v1> (full text)
<http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16151530>
(full text)
Abstract:
"Deficiency in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a brain-
essential omega-3 fatty acid, is associated with cognitive
decline. Here we report that, in cytokine-stressed human
neural cells, DHA attenuates amyloid-beta (Abeta)
secretion, an effect accompanied by the formation of NPD1,
a novel, DHA-derived 10,17S-docosatriene. DHA and NPD1
were reduced in Alzheimer disease (AD) hippocampal cornu
ammonis region 1, but not in the thalamus or occipital
lobes from the same brains. The expression of key enzymes
in NPD1 biosynthesis, cytosolic phospholipase A(2) and 15-
lipoxygenase, was altered in AD hippocampus. NPD1
repressed Abeta42-triggered activation of proinflammatory
genes while upregulating the antiapoptotic genes encoding
Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and Bfl-1(A1). Soluble amyloid precursor
protein-alpha stimulated NPD1 biosynthesis from DHA. These
results indicate that NPD1 promotes brain cell survival
via the induction of antiapoptotic and neuroprotective
gene-expression programs that suppress Abeta42-induced
neurotoxicity."
Comment:
Fatty Acids: Good For The Brain, Good For Alzheimer Disease
<http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/09/050911105120.htm>
"A number of studies suggest a protective action of the
fatty acid DHA in cognitive decline and in Alzheimer
disease (AD). However, the molecular mechanism is not
understood. In a paper appearing online on September 8 in
advance of print publication of the October 1 issue of the
Journal of Clinical Investigation, Nicolas Bazan and
colleagues from Louisiana State University identify a
specific mechanism by which DHA is neuroprotective in AD.
The authors report that DHA can decrease levels of the
pathogenic Abeta peptides that are associated with
Alzheimer disease pathology in human brain cells.
Meanwhile, the synthesis of neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), an
endogenous DHA-derived messenger, is upregulated. NPD1
inhibits apoptosis triggered by Abeta peptides. In a human
AD donor brain, the authors show that DHA and NPD1 are
reduced in vulnerable brain regions.
This data raises the possibility that NPD1 is a key
regulator of cell survival, and might be manipulated for
the development of novel therapeutic strategies for
neurodegenerative diseases."
Bazan NG.
Neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1): a DHA-derived mediator that protects brain and
retina against cell injury-induced oxidative stress.
Brain Pathol. 2005 Apr;15(2):159-66. Review.
PMID: 15912889 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15912889>
Lim GP, Calon F, Morihara T, Yang F, Teter B, Ubeda O, Salem N Jr, Frautschy
SA, Cole GM.
A diet enriched with the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid reduces
amyloid burden in an aged Alzheimer mouse model.
J Neurosci. 2005 Mar 23;25(12):3032-40.
PMID: 15788759 [PubMed - in process]
<http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/12/3032>
Abstract:
"Epidemiological studies suggest that increased intake of
the omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is associated with reduced risk
of Alzheimer's disease (AD). DHA levels are lower in serum
and brains of AD patients, which could result from low
dietary intake and/or PUFA oxidation. Because effects of
DHA on Alzheimer pathogenesis, particularly on
amyloidosis, are unknown, we used the APPsw (Tg2576)
transgenic mouse model to evaluate the impact of dietary
DHA on amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and
amyloid burden. Aged animals (17-19 months old) were
placed in one of three groups until 22.5 months of age:
control (0.09% DHA), low-DHA (0%), or high-DHA (0.6%)
chow. beta-Amyloid (Abeta) ELISA of the detergent-
insoluble extract of cortical homogenates showed that DHA-
enriched diets significantly reduced total Abeta by >70%
when compared with low-DHA or control chow diets. Dietary
DHA also decreased Abeta42 levels below those seen with
control chow. Image analysis of brain sections with an
antibody against Abeta (amino acids 1-13) revealed that
overall plaque burden was significantly reduced by 40.3%,
with the largest reductions (40-50%) in the hippocampus
and parietal cortex. DHA modulated APP processing by
decreasing both alpha- and beta-APP C-terminal fragment
products and full-length APP. BACE1 (beta-secretase
activity of the beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme), ApoE
(apolipoprotein E), and transthyretin gene expression were
unchanged with the high-DHA diet. Together, these results
suggest that dietary DHA could be protective against beta-
amyloid production, accumulation, and potential downstream
toxicity."
Comment:
Fish Oil Holds Promise In Alzheimer's Fight
<http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/05/050528141248.htm>
"The new study involved older mice genetically altered to
develop Alzheimer's disease. The researchers fed one group
of the mice DHA-fortified chow. The control mice ate a
normal or DHA-depleted diet.
After three to five months--the equivalent of several
years in human biology--the high-DHA group had 70-percent
less buildup of amyloid protein in the brain. This sticky
protein makes up the plaques, or patches, that are a
hallmark of Alzheimer's.
A similar study by Cole's group published in Neuron last
fall showed that DHA protected against damage to the
"synaptic" areas where brain cells communicate and enabled
mice to perform better on memory tests.
The studies, say the scientists, suggest that even people
who are genetically predisposed to the disease may be able
to delay it by boosting their DHA intake.
Omega-3 fatty acids, typically deficient in the American
diet, are essential for human health. DHA in particular is
vital to proper brain function, as well as eye health and
other body processes. In recent years epidemiologists have
tied fish-rich diets to a lower incidence of Alzheimer's
disease and homed in on DHA as the preventive factor.
Omega-3 fatty acid supplements are now being tested in
clinical trials with early-stage Alzheimer's patients in
the United States, Canada and Sweden to see if the therapy
really slows the disease."
Whalley LJ, Fox HC, Wahle KW, Starr JM, Deary IJ
Cognitive aging, childhood intelligence, and the use of food supplements:
possible involvement of n-3 fatty acids.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6):1650-7.
PMID: 15585782 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15585782>
"CONCLUSIONS: Food supplement use and erythrocyte n-3 content are
associated with better cognitive aging. If associations with n-3 content
are causal, optimization of n-3 and n-6 fatty acid intakes could improve
retention of cognitive function in old age."
Colombo J, Kannass KN, Shaddy DJ, Kundurthi S, Maikranz JM, Anderson CJ,
Blaga OM, Carlson SE.
Maternal DHA and the development of attention in infancy and toddlerhood.
Child Dev. 2004 Jul-Aug;75(4):1254-67.
PMID: 15260876 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15260876>
" These findings are consistent with evidence suggesting a link between
DHA and cognitive development in infancy. "
Daniels JL, Longnecker MP, Rowland AS, Golding J; ALSPAC Study Team.
University of Bristol Institute of Child Health.
Fish intake during pregnancy and early cognitive development of offspring.
Epidemiology. 2004 Jul;15(4):394-402.
PMID: 15232398 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15232398>
"CONCLUSIONS: When fish is not contaminated, moderate fish intake during
pregnancy and infancy may benefit development"
Kalmijn S, van Boxtel MP, Ocke M, Verschuren WM, Kromhout D, Launer LJ.
Dietary intake of fatty acids and fish in relation to cognitive performance
at middle age.
Neurology. 2004 Jan 27;62(2):275-80.
PMID: 14745067 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.neurology.org/cgi/content/abstract/62/2/275>
"Conclusions: Fatty fish and marine omega-3 PUFA consumption was
associated with a reduced risk and intake of cholesterol and saturated
fat with an increased risk of impaired cognitive function in this
middle-aged population."
Helland IB, Smith L, Saarem K, Saugstad OD, Drevon CA.
Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids during
pregnancy and lactation augments children's IQ at 4 years of age.
Pediatrics. 2003 Jan;111(1):e39-44.
PMID: 12509593 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/111/1/e39>
"Conclusion. Maternal intake of very-long-chain n-3 PUFAs during
pregnancy and lactation may be favorable for later mental development of
children."
Wainwright PE.
Dietary essential fatty acids and brain function: a developmental
perspective on mechanisms.
Proc Nutr Soc. 2002 Feb;61(1):61-9. Review.
PMID: 12002796 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12002796>
Horrocks LA, Yeo YK.
Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Pharmacol Res. 1999 Sep;40(3):211-25. Review.
PMID: 10479465 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10479465>
Kalmijn S, Feskens EJ, Launer LJ, Kromhout D.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and cognitive function in very
old men.
Am J Epidemiol. 1997 Jan 1;145(1):33-41.
PMID: 8982020 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8982020>
"This study raises the possibility that high linoleic acid intake is
positively associated with cognitive impairment and high fish
consumption inversely associated with cognitive impairment."
--
Matti Narkia
.
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