Re: Lowest Omega-6 Oil?



On 14 Apr 2007 17:14:58 -0700, "mike" <mcole8883@xxxxxxxxx> wrote:

On Apr 14, 6:34 pm, Matti Narkia <m...@xxxxxxxx> wrote:
On 14 Apr 2007 09:59:15 -0700, "mike" <mcole8...@xxxxxxxxx> wrote:

My question is simply this; what do you consider too much ALA?
Personally I take a teaspoon of flax most days of the week. Olive oil,
salmon and almonds represent my primary fat sources.

I cannot say for sure, because the matter hasn't been researched that
much. Men with existing prostate cancer naturally should be careful.
On the other hand quite a few elderly men might have latent prostate
cancer without knowing it. Flaxseeds may be safer than flaxseed oil,
because they have some potentially protective substances such as
lignans, fiber, magnesium etc. A little bit rapeseed oil may not be
that bad, if your PSA is not high and you don't have any prostate
symptoms, but I myself no longer take flaxseed oil because of its high
ALA content. You said that you take flax. If you meant flaxseeds, the
amount you take may be ok, but if you meant flaxseed oil, perhaps
you'd want to consider switching to flaxseeds (or quitting flax
altogether) or taking rapeseed oil (which has much less ALA than
flaxseed oil) instead.

´[snip]

It is flax oil that I take, not the seed. The seed is so high in
phytoestrogens that I am wary of it. Walnuts are also a good source of
ALA which I have used on occasion for ALA and presumably with co-
factors present that may make it a more balanced approach than flax
oil. Although it does contain a relatively high amount of omega 6
compared to the flax. The Lyon heart study used a margarine that
provided about 1.8 gms of ALA daily and the outcomes were pretty
remarkable wrt to overall mortality.

Walnuts may indeed be one of the safest sources of ALA, because it
contains protective factors such as flavonoid myricetin and
gamma-tocopherol, which have been associated with reduced risk of
prostate cancer, and arginine and magnesium, which may help to reduce
CVD risk. In the article

The role of antioxidant phytonutrients in the prevention of
diseases.
Andrea Lugasi, Judit Hóvári, Katalin V. Sági, Lajos Bíró
Volume 47(1-4):119-125, 2003
Acta Biologica Szegediensis
<http://www.sci.u-szeged.hu/ABS/2003/ActaHP/47119.pdf>

walnuts were found to have highest myricetin content, 4565 mg/kg, of
all reviewed plants, over 4.5 times more than strawberries, 994 mg/kg,
which had the second highest myricetin content.

According to the link

Foods highest in Gamma-tocpoherol
<http://www.nutritiondata.com/foods-000106000000000000000-w.html>

black walnuts have also very high gamma-tocopherol content.

But because walnuts have ALA and omega-6 fatty acids, IMHO one
shouldn't overconsume them, and omega-6 in them should be counteracted
by eating fatty fish or taking fish oil.

There are of course many nutritional supplements and foods which may
help to reduce prostate cancer risk, such as quercetin, resveratrol,
pomegranate juice, milk thistle extracts silymarin and silibinin,
boron, vitamin D, and perhaps also cocoa powder, which has antioxidant
polyphenols and inhibits inflammatory enzyme 5-LOX.


References
===========


Myricetin and prostate cancer
-----------------------------

Jankun J, Selman SH, Aniola J, Skrzypczak-Jankun E.
Nutraceutical inhibitors of urokinase: potential applications in
prostate cancer prevention and treatment.
Oncol Rep. 2006 Aug;16(2):341-6.
PMID: 16820913 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16820913>

De Leo M, Braca A, Sanogo R, Cardile V, DeTommasi N, Russo A.
Antiproliferative activity of Pteleopsis suberosa leaf extract and its
flavonoid components in human prostate carcinoma cells.
Planta Med. 2006 Jun;72(7):604-10. Epub 2006 Apr 24.
PMID: 16636967 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16636967>
<http://www.thieme-connect.com/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2006-931556>

Ganry O.
Phytoestrogens and prostate cancer risk.
Prev Med. 2005 Jul;41(1):1-6. Epub 2004 Dec 9. Review.
PMID: 15916986 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=15916986>

"... Two prospective studies measured flavonoid intake and one
reported a preventive effect on prostate cancer for the assumption
of myricetin. ..."

Knekt P, Kumpulainen J, Jarvinen R, Rissanen H, Heliovaara M, Reunanen
A, Hakulinen T, Aromaa A.
Flavonoid intake and risk of chronic diseases.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Sep;76(3):560-8.
PMID: 12198000 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/76/3/560> (full text)

"... men with higher myricetin intakes had a lower prostate cancer
risk (0.43; 0.22, 0.86; P = 0.002). ..."

Hiipakka RA, Zhang HZ, Dai W, Dai Q, Liao S.
Structure-activity relationships for inhibition of human
5alpha-reductases by polyphenols.
Biochem Pharmacol. 2002 Mar 15;63(6):1165-76.
PMID: 11931850 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=11931850>

"... Other flavonoids that were potent inhibitors of the type 1
5alpha-reductase include myricetin, quercitin, baicalein, and
fisetin. ..."

Knowles LM, Zigrossi DA, Tauber RA, Hightower C, Milner JA. Flavonoids
suppress androgen-independent human prostate tumor proliferation.
Nutr Cancer. 2000;38(1):116-22.
PMID: 11341036 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=11341036>

"... Complete growth retardation was observed in PC-3 cells
treated with 100 microM quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin, while
isomolar genistein, apigenin, and myricetin suppressed PC-3
proliferation by 73%, 70%, and 59%, respectively (p < 0.05).
Naringenin and rutin were not as effective and inhibited growth by
< 25%. ..."


Gamma-tocopherol and prostate cancer
------------------------------------

Weinstein SJ, Wright ME, Pietinen P, King I, Tan C, Taylor PR, Virtamo
J, Albanes D.
Serum alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in relation to prostate
cancer risk in a prospective study.
J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Mar 2;97(5):396-9.
PMID: 15741576 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/97/5/396> (full text)

Jiang Q, Wong J, Ames BN.
Gamma-tocopherol induces apoptosis in androgen-responsive LNCaP
prostate cancer cells via caspase-dependent and independent
mechanisms.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Dec;1031:399-400.
PMID: 15753180 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=15753180>

Jiang Q, Wong J, Fyrst H, Saba JD, Ames BN.
gamma-Tocopherol or combinations of vitamin E forms induce cell death
in human prostate cancer cells by interrupting sphingolipid synthesis.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Dec 21;101(51):17825-30. Epub 2004 Dec
13.
PMID: 15596715 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/101/51/17825> (full text)

Galli F, Stabile AM, Betti M, Conte C, Pistilli A, Rende M, Floridi A,
Azzi A.
The effect of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol and their carboxyethyl
hydroxychroman metabolites on prostate cancer cell proliferation.
Arch Biochem Biophys. 2004 Mar 1;423(1):97-102.
PMID: 14871472 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=14871472>

Helzlsouer KJ, Huang HY, Alberg AJ, Hoffman S, Burke A, Norkus EP,
Morris JS, Comstock GW.
Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and
subsequent prostate cancer.
J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Dec 20;92(24):2018-23.
PMID: 11121464 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/92/24/2018> (full
text)

Jiang Q, Ames BN.
Gamma-tocopherol, but not alpha-tocopherol, decreases proinflammatory
eicosanoids and inflammation damage in rats.
FASEB J. 2003 May;17(8):816-22.
PMID: 12724340 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/content/full/17/8/816> (full text)


Alpha-linolenic acid, CHD and prostate cancer
---------------------------------------------

Brouwer IA, Katan MB, Zock PL.
Dietary alpha-linolenic acid is associated with reduced risk of fatal
coronary heart disease, but increased prostate cancer risk: a
meta-analysis.
J Nutr. 2004 Apr;134(4):919-22.
PMID: 15051847 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/134/4/919> (full text)

de Lorgeril M, Salen P.
alpha-linolenic acid, coronary heart disease, and prostate cancer.
J Nutr. 2004 Dec;134(12):3385; author reply 3386.
PMID: 15570041 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/134/12/3385> (full text)

Wang C, Harris WS, Chung M, Lichtenstein AH, Balk EM, Kupelnick B,
Jordan HS, Lau J.
Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alpha-linolenic
acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and
secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jul;84(1):5-17. Review.
PMID: 16825676 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/84/1/5> (full text)

Albert CM, Oh K, Whang W, Manson JE, Chae CU, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC,
Hu FB.
Dietary alpha-linolenic acid intake and risk of sudden cardiac death
and coronary heart disease.
Circulation. 2005 Nov 22;112(21):3232-8.
PMID: 16301356 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/112/21/3232> (full text)


EPA, DHA, fish oil and fish and CHD/CVD
---------------------------------------

Erkkila AT, Matthan NR, Herrington DM, Lichtenstein AH.
Higher plasma docosahexaenoic acid is associated with reduced
progression of coronary atherosclerosis in women with CAD.
J Lipid Res. 2006 Dec;47(12):2814-9. Epub 2006 Sep 18.
PMID: 16983146 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.jlr.org/cgi/content/full/47/12/2814> (full text)

Erkkila AT, Lichtenstein AH, Mozaffarian D, Herrington DM.
Fish intake is associated with a reduced progression of coronary
artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery
disease.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Sep;80(3):626-32.
PMID: 15321802 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/80/3/626> (full text)

Hirafuji M, Machida T, Hamaue N, Minami M.
Cardiovascular protective effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
with special emphasis on docosahexaenoic acid.
J Pharmacol Sci. 2003 Aug;92(4):308-16. Review.
PMID: 12939515 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jphs/92/4/92_308/_article/-char/en>
<http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jphs/92/4/308/_pdf> (full text)

Guallar E, Sanz-Gallardo MI, van't Veer P, Bode P, Aro A,
Gomez-Aracena J, Kark JD, Riemersma RA, Martin-Moreno JM, Kok FJ;
Heavy Metals and Myocardial Infarction Study Group.
Mercury, fish oils, and the risk of myocardial infarction.
N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 28;347(22):1747-54.
PMID: 12456850 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/347/22/1747> (full text)

Rissanen T, Voutilainen S, Nyyssonen K, Lakka TA, Salonen JT.
Fish oil-derived fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and
docosapentaenoic acid, and the risk of acute coronary events: the
Kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study.
Circulation. 2000 Nov 28;102(22):2677-9.
PMID: 11094031 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/102/22/2677> (full text)


--
Matti Narkia
.



Relevant Pages

  • Certain Omega-3s May Reduce Prostate Cancer Risk
    ... eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid may have a ... reduced risk of prostate cancer, ... Researchers evaluated the association between dietary intake of ALA, ... who were free from prostate cancer at the start of the study. ...
    (sci.med.prostate.cancer)
  • Certain Omega-3s May Reduce Prostate Cancer Risk
    ... eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid may have a ... reduced risk of prostate cancer, ... Researchers evaluated the association between dietary intake of ALA, ... who were free from prostate cancer at the start of the study. ...
    (misc.fitness.weights)
  • Re: Canola oil does not increase lipid peroxidation
    ... Have you seen the canola oil study done on ... > of terrible lipid peroxidation, ... > arachidonic acid. ... > very high in saturated fatty acids (not "saturated fat," at least until ...
    (sci.med.nutrition)
  • For those with IBS, Crohns, IBD, gastritis, etc.
    ... Food Fried In Vegetable Oil May Contain Toxic Compound ... acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid. ... intestinal smooth muscle cells via arachidonic acid metabolites. ... transcription factor for IL-8 that is activated by oxidative stress. ...
    (sci.med.nutrition)
  • Re: For those with IBS, Crohns, IBD, gastritis, etc.
    ... > acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid. ... > in the same concentration as it forms in the heated oil. ... > intestinal smooth muscle cells via arachidonic acid metabolites. ... > transcription factor for IL-8 that is activated by oxidative stress. ...
    (sci.med.nutrition)