More on omega-3s' beneficial effects (Re: Omega-3: The killer oils)
- From: Matti Narkia <mna@xxxxxxxx>
- Date: Mon, 08 Dec 2008 21:30:33 +0200
Taka wrote:
<a lot unsubstantiated claims deleted>
OMEGA 3 PUFAs ARE EVEN MORE DAMAGING
THAN OMEGA 6 PUFAs.
EPA, DHA, and ALA are far more subject to oxidative damage than
are the omega 6 fatty acids. Fish oils not only rapidly destroy
vitamin E in the body, but they spontaneously oxidize with incredible
speed, even before they reach the bloodstream. In undergoing such
rapid oxidation, they form strange and ultra-pathological fatty acids,
much as omega 6 fatty acids do in response to heat. That is why even
though the short-term anti-prostaglandin effects of omega 3 oils are
shown in the literature to benefit many diseases, the long-term
peroxidative effects specifically cause damage to the brain, liver,
skin, thymus, spleen, and heart, and accelerate the progression of
diseases such as atherosclerosis, stroke, diabetes, and cancer.
The first place where PUFA peroxidative damage was studied was in
regard to lipofuscin age pigment. Interestingly, it was found that as
this pigment formed in the skin, it simultaneously formed in the
brain. In other words ...
A MAN WITH AGE SPOTS ON HIS SKIN HAS
AGE SPOTS ON HIS BRAIN TO THE SAME DEGREE.
There is much more to be said about ...
THE DAMAGING EFFECTS OF OMEGA 3 OILS
ON THE BRAIN.
EPA and DHA form isoprostanes and neuro-prostanes during their
lipid peroxidation.
A vast majority of most recent humans studies show that EPA and DHA
don't increase oxidative stress nor lipid peroxidation in humans.
I produced to you last August compelling evidence about this, yet
there you go again, impervious to all evidence. Here's one of my posts
from last August:
<http://groups.google.com/group/sci.med.nutrition/msg/7b4e65959ed1ca95>
See also this:
Docosahexaenoic acid abundance in the brain: a biodevice to combat
oxidative stress.
Yavin E, Brand A, Green P.
Nutr Neurosci. 2002 Jun;5(3):149-57. Review.
PMID: 12041873
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12041873>
"... The present review emphasizes a paradox: a discrepancy
between the expected high oxidability of the DHA molecule due
to its high degree of unsaturation and certain experimental
results which would indicate no change or even decreased lipid
peroxidation when brain tissue is supplied or enriched with DHA.
The following is a critical review of the experimental data
relating DHA levels in the brain to lipid peroxidation and
oxidative damage there. A neuroprotective role for DHA,
possibly in association with the vinyl ether (VE) linkage of
plasmalogens (pPLs) in combating free radicals is proposed."
Here some human epidemiological studies about fish and LC omega-3
intake and cognition:
Fish intake of Swedish male adolescents is a predictor of cognitive
performance.
Aberg MA, Aberg N, Brisman J, Sundberg R, Winkvist A, Torén K.
Acta Paediatr. 2008 Oct 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19006530
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19006530>
"... The association between fish consumption and the 3
intelligence scores was the same in lowly and highly educated
groups. This indicates that education did not influence the
association between the frequency of fish meals consumed and
cognitive performance. Conclusion: Frequent fish intake at age 15
was associated with significantly higher cognitive performance 3
years later."
Cognitive performance among the elderly and dietary fish intake: the
Hordaland Health Study.
Nurk E, Drevon CA, Refsum H, Solvoll K, Vollset SE, Nygård O, Nygaard
HA, Engedal K, Tell GS, Smith AD.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Nov;86(5):1470-8.
PMID: 17991661
<http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/86/5/1470>
"... CONCLUSIONS: In the elderly, a diet high in fish and fish
products is associated with better cognitive performance in a
dose-dependent manner."
Fish consumption, n-3 fatty acids, and subsequent 5-y cognitive decline
in elderly men: the Zutphen Elderly Study.
van Gelder BM, Tijhuis M, Kalmijn S, Kromhout D.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr;85(4):1142-7.
PMID: 17413117
<http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/85/4/1142>
"... CONCLUSIONS: A moderate intake of EPA+DHA may postpone
cognitive decline in elderly men. ..."
Plasma n-3 fatty acids and the risk of cognitive decline in older
adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.
Beydoun MA, Kaufman JS, Satia JA, Rosamond W, Folsom AR.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr;85(4):1103-11.
PMID: 17413112
<http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/85/4/1103>
"... CONCLUSIONS: Promoting higher intakes of n-3 HUFAs in the diet
of hypertensive and dyslipidemic persons may have substantial
benefits in reducing their risk of cognitive decline in the area of
verbal fluency. ..."
Fish consumption and cognitive decline with age in a large community
study.
Morris MC, Evans DA, Tangney CC, Bienias JL, Wilson RS.
Arch Neurol. 2005 Dec;62(12):1849-53. Epub 2005 Oct 10.
PMID: 16216930
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16216930>
"... CONCLUSIONS: Fish consumption may be associated with slower
cognitive decline with age. ..."
Dietary intake of fatty acids and fish in relation to cognitive
performance at middle age.
Kalmijn S, van Boxtel MP, Ocké M, Verschuren WM, Kromhout D, Launer LJ.
Neurology. 2004 Jan 27;62(2):275-80.
PMID: 14745067
<http://www.neurology.org/cgi/content/abstract/62/2/275>
"... CONCLUSIONS: Fatty fish and marine omega-3 PUFA consumption
was associated with a reduced risk and intake of cholesterol and
saturated fat with an increased risk of impaired cognitive function
in this middle-aged population."
Cognitive and physiological effects of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty
acid supplementation in healthy subjects.
Fontani G, Corradeschi F, Felici A, Alfatti F, Migliorini S, Lodi L.
Eur J Clin Invest. 2005 Nov;35(11):691-9.
PMID: 16269019
<http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118685041/abstract>
"... CONCLUSIONS: Omega-3 supplementation is associated with an
improvement of attentional and physiological functions,
particularly those involving complex cortical processing. These
findings are discussed in terms of the influence of Omega-3 on the
central nervous system."
Low plasma eicosapentaenoic acid and depressive symptomatology are
independent predictors of dementia risk.
Samieri C, Féart C, Letenneur L, Dartigues JF, Pérès K, Auriacombe S,
Peuchant E, Delcourt C, Barberger-Gateau P.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Sep;88(3):714-21.
PMID: 18779288
<http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/3/714>
"... CONCLUSIONS: A high plasma EPA concentration may decrease the
risk of dementia, whereas high ratios of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids and
of AA to DHA may increase the risk of dementia, especially in
depressed older persons. ..."
Dullemeijer C, Durga J, Brouwer IA, van de Rest O, Kok FJ, Brummer RJ,
van Boxtel MP, Verhoef P.
n 3 fatty acid proportions in plasma and cognitive performance in older
adults.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Nov;86(5):1479-85.
PMID: 17991662
<http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/5/1479>
"... Conclusions: In this population, plasma n–3 PUFA proportions
were associated with less decline in the speed-related cognitive
domains over 3 y. ..."
A. Cherubini, C. Andres-Lacueva, A. Martin, F. Lauretani, A. D. Iorio,
B. Bartali, A. Corsi, S. Bandinelli, M. P. Mattson, and L. Ferrucci
Low Plasma N-3 Fatty Acids and Dementia in Older Persons: The InCHIANTI
Study
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., October 1, 2007; 62(10): 1120 - 1126.
<http://biomed.gerontologyjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/62/10/1120>
"... Dementia is associated with low plasma n-3 FA relative
concentrations. ..."
These substances behave in many ways like theAnd here some mostly DHA or EPA specific studies concentrating above all
damaging prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The brain is particularly
sensitive to oxidative damage and excitatory toxicity from these omega
3 derivatives. Research shows that EPA and DHA cause brain swelling
and increased cerebral blood vessel permeability. When DHA is added to
cultured cells from the cerebral cortex, they produce free radicals,
and stimulate the production of both malondialdehyde and lactate. The
malondialdehyde shows dysaerobic catabolic damage to the brain, and
lactate shows anabolic/anaerobic damage to the brain. Furthermore, the
DHA inhibits the uptake of glutamic acid, which allows for prolonged
excitation of the nerve cells.
brain, central nervous system, nerves, and conditions related to them:
Docosahexaenoic acid and the aging brain.
Lukiw WJ, Bazan NG.
J Nutr. 2008 Dec;138(12):2510-4.
PMID: 19022980
<http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/abstract/138/12/2510>
"The dietary essential PUFA docosahexaenoic acid [DHA; 22:6(n-3)
] is a critical contributor to cell structure and function in
the nervous system, and deficits in DHA abundance are
associated with cognitive decline during aging and in
neurodegenerative disease. Recent studies underscore the
importance of DHA-derived neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) in the
homeostatic regulation of brain cell survival and repair
involving neurotrophic, antiapoptotic and antiinflammatory
signaling. Emerging evidence suggests that NPD1 synthesis is
activated by growth factors and neurotrophins. Evolving
research indicates that NPD1 has important determinant and
regulatory interactions with the molecular-genetic mechanisms
affecting beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) and amyloid
beta (Abeta) peptide neurobiology. Deficits in DHA or its
peroxidation appear to contribute to inflammatory signaling,
apoptosis, and neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer disease (AD),
a common and progressive age-related neurological disorder
unique to structures and processes of the human brain. This
article briefly reviews our current understanding of the
interactions of DHA and NPD1 on betaAPP processing and Abeta
peptide signaling and how this contributes to oxidative and
pathogenic processes characteristic of aging and AD pathology"
Effect of Dietary n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Brain Lipid Fatty
Acid Composition, Learning Ability, and Memory of Senescence-Accelerated
Mouse.
Petursdottir AL, Farr SA, Morley JE, Banks WA, Skuladottir GV.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008 Nov;63(11):1153-60.
PMID: 19038829
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19038829>
"... This study demonstrates that, in mature animals, DHA is
incorporated into brain phospholipids and that dietary n-3 PUFA is
associated with delay in cognitive decline."
Docosahexaenoic acid and cognitive function: Is the link mediated by
the autonomic nervous system?
Gustafson KM, Colombo J, Carlson SE.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2008 Sep-Nov;79(3-5):135-40.
Epub 2008 Oct 18.
PMID: 18930644
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18930644>
"Docosahexaenoic acid is a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty
acid that is found in large quantity in the brain and which has
repeatedly been observed to be related in positive ways to both
cognitive function and cardiovascular health. The mechanisms
through which docosahexaenoic acid affects cognition are not
well understood, but in this article, we propose a hypothesis
that integrates the positive effects of docosahexaenoic acid in
the cognitive and cardiovascular realms through the autonomic
nervous system. The autonomic nervous system is known to
regulate vital functions such as heart rate and respiration,
and has also been linked to basic cognitive components related
to arousal and attention. We review the literature from this
perspective, and delineate the predictions generated by the
hypothesis. In addition, we provide new data showing a link
between docosahexaenoic acid and fetal heart rate that is
consistent with the hypothesis."
The influence of orally administered docosahexaenoic acid on cognitive
ability in aged mice.
Jiang LH, Shi Y, Wang LS, Yang ZR.
J Nutr Biochem. 2008 Sep 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 18829287
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18829287>
"... In conclusion, during aging, DHA supplementation can
improve the cognitive function in mice and can increase the
protein level of BDNF in hippocampus tissue and the levels of
NO and DA in hippocampus and striatum tissues. Taken together,
our results suggest that DHA supplementation could improve the
cognitive dysfunction due to aging, to some extent, and it may
have a relationship with increasing the protein level of BDNF
and the level of NO and DA."
Protective effect of docosahexaenoic acid against brain injury in
ischemic rats.
Pan HC, Kao TK, Ou YC, Yang DY, Yen YJ, Wang CC, Chuang YH, Liao SL,
Raung SL, Wu CW, Chiang AN, Chen CJ.
J Nutr Biochem. 2008 Sep 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 18805685
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18805685>
"... Reduction of brain infarction was found in all three DHA-
pretreated groups. The beneficial effect of DHA on the
treatment groups was accompanied by decreases in blood-brain
barrier disruption, brain edema, malondialdehyde (MDA)
production, inflammatory cell infiltration, interleukin-6 (IL-6)
expression and caspase-3 activity. Elevation of antioxidative
capacity, as evidenced by decreased MDA level and increased
superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione level, was
detected only in the chronic daily-administration group. The
two single-administration groups showed increased
phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK).
Elevation of Bcl-2 expression was detected in the chronic daily-
administration and 3-day-administration groups. In vitro study
demonstrated that DHA attenuated IL-6 production from
stimulated glial cells involving nuclear factor kappaB
inactivation. Therefore, the data suggest that the
neuroprotective mechanisms of DHA pretreatment are, in part,
mediated by attenuating damaging mechanisms through reduction
of cytotoxic factor production and by strengthening survival
mechanisms through ERK-mediated and/or Bcl-2-mediated
prosurvival cascade."
Synapse formation and cognitive brain development: effect of
docosahexaenoic acid and other dietary constituents.
Wurtman RJ.
Metabolism. 2008 Oct;57 Suppl 2:S6-10. Review.
PMID: 18803968
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18803968>
"... If pregnant rats are fed the 3 dietary constituents needed
for PC synthesis- docosahexaenoic acid, uridine, and choline-
starting 10 days before parturition and continuing for 20 days
during nursing, brain levels of PC, and of the other membrane
phosphatides (per cell or per mg protein), are increased by 50%
or more. In adult animals, this treatment is also known to
increase synaptic proteins (eg, synapsin-l, syntaxin-3, GluR-l,
PSD-95) but not ubiquitous proteins like beta-tubulin and to
increase (by 30% or more) the number of dendritic spines on
hippocampal neurons. Docosahexaenoic acid currently is widely
used, in human infants, to diminish the negative effects of
prematurity on cognitive development. Moreover, docosahexaenoic
acid, uridine (as uridine monophosphate), and choline are all
found in mother's milk, and included in most infant formulas.
It is proposed that these substances are part of a regulatory
mechanism through which plasma composition influences brain
development."
Restorative effects of uridine plus docosahexaenoic acid in a rat model
of Parkinson's disease.
Cansev M, Ulus IH, Wang L, Maher TJ, Wurtman RJ.
Neurosci Res. 2008 Nov;62(3):206-9. Epub 2008 Aug 3.
PMID: 18761383
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18761383>
Decreased brain docosahexaenoic acid content produces neurobiological
effects associated with depression: Interactions with reproductive
status in female rats.
Levant B, Ozias MK, Davis PF, Winter M, Russell KL, Carlson SE, Reed GA,
McCarson KE.
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008 Oct;33(9):1279-92. Epub 2008 Aug 15.
PMID: 18707812
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18707812>
Docosahexaenoic acid dietary supplementation enhances the effects of
exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition.
Wu A, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F.
Neuroscience. 2008 Aug 26;155(3):751-9. Epub 2008 Jun 17.
PMID: 18620024
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18620024>
"... These results indicate that the DHA diet enhanced the effects
of exercise on cognition and BDNF-related synaptic plasticity, a
capacity that may be used to promote mental health and reduce risk
of neurological disorders."
Docosahexaenoic acid may act as a neuroprotector for
methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity in primary neural cell cultures.
Kaur P, Heggland I, Aschner M, Syversen T.
Neurotoxicology. 2008 Nov;29(6):978-87. Epub 2008 Jun 20.
PMID: 18619488
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18619488>
The emerging role of docosahexaenoic acid in neuroinflammation.
Orr SK, Bazinet RP.
Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Jul;9(7):735-43. Review.
PMID: 18600579
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18600579>
"... Neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease,
Parkinson's disease and major depression, display a
neuroinflammatory component. n-3 PUFA supplementation, as well
as drugs targeting brain PUFA metabolism, are promising
candidates in the prevention and treatment of neurological
disorders."
Improved cognitive development among preterm infants attributable to
early supplementation of human milk with docosahexaenoic acid and
arachidonic acid.
Henriksen C, Haugholt K, Lindgren M, Aurvåg AK, Rønnestad A, Grønn M,
Solberg R, Moen A, Nakstad B, Berge RK, Smith L, Iversen PO, Drevon CA.
Pediatrics. 2008 Jun;121(6):1137-45.
PMID: 18519483
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18519483>
"... CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid and
arachidonic acid for very preterm infants fed human milk in the
early neonatal period was associated with better recognition memory
and higher problem-solving scores at 6 months."
Fish oil supplementation of control and (n-3) fatty acid-deficient male
rats enhances reference and working memory performance and increases
brain regional docosahexaenoic acid levels.
Chung WL, Chen JJ, Su HM.
J Nutr. 2008 Jun;138(6):1165-71.
PMID: 18492851
<http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/abstract/138/6/1165>
"... These results suggest that DHA is critical for the
development and maintenance of learning memory performance."
'
Lower omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and lower docosahexaenoic
acid in men with pedophilia.
Mincke E, Cosyns P, Christophe AB, De Vriese S, Maes M.
Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2006 Dec;27(6):719-23.
PMID: 17187003
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17187003>
"... CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that a
depletion of the serum phospholipid n-3 higher unsaturated
fatty acids (HUFAs) and, in particular, of DHA may take part in
the pathophysiology of pedophilia. One hypothesis is that a
depletion of n-3 HUFAs and DHA may cause alterations in the
serotonergic turnover, which are related to impulse discontrol
and aggression-hostility, behaviors which are associated with
pedophilia."
Docosahexaenoic acid protects from amyloid and dendritic pathology in
an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.
Cole GM, Frautschy SA.
Nutr Health. 2006;18(3):249-59. Review.
PMID: 17180870
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17180870>
Docosahexaenoic acid promotes neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo.
Kawakita E, Hashimoto M, Shido O.
Neuroscience. 2006;139(3):991-7. Epub 2006 Mar 9.
PMID: 16527422
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527422>
"... These results demonstrate that docosahexaenoic acid
effectively promotes neurogenesis both in vitro and in vivo,
suggesting that it has the new property of modulating hippocampal
function regulated by neurogenesis."
Is docosahexaenoic acid, an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid,
required for development of normal brain function? An overview of
evidence from cognitive and behavioral tests in humans and animals.
McCann JC, Ames BN.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Aug;82(2):281-95. Review.
PMID: 16087970
<http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/82/2/281>
"... On the basis of our reading of this literature, we conclude
that evidence from several types of studies, particularly studies
in animals, suggests that, within the context of specific
experimental designs, changes in brain concentrations of DHA are
positively associated with changes in cognitive or behavioral
performance. ..."
Essential fatty acids, DHA and human brain.
Singh M.
Indian J Pediatr. 2005 Mar;72(3):239-42. Review.
PMID: 15812120
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15812120>
"... DHA is the predominant structural fatty acid in the
central nervous system and retina and its availability is
crucial for brain development. It is recommended that the
pregnant and nursing woman should take at least 2.6 g of omega-
3 fatty acids and 100-300 mg of DHA daily to look after the
needs of her fetus and suckling infant. The follow-up studies
have shown that infants of mothers supplemented with EFAs and
DHA had higher mental processing scores, psychomotor
development, eye-hand coordination and stereo acuity at 4 years
of age. Intake of EFAs and DHA during preschool years may also
have a beneficial role in the prevention of attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and enhancing learning capability
and academic performance."
Chronic administration of docosahexaenoic acid ameliorates the
impairment of spatial cognition learning ability in amyloid beta-infused
rats.
Hashimoto M, Tanabe Y, Fujii Y, Kikuta T, Shibata H, Shido O.
J Nutr. 2005 Mar;135(3):549-55.
PMID: 15735092
<http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/135/3/549>
"... DHA administered for 12 wk significantly reduced the
increase in the number of reference and working memory errors
in the Abeta-infused rats, and increased both the cortico-
hippocampal level of DHA and the molar ratio of DHA/arachidonic
acid, suggesting an amelioration of the impaired spatial
cognition learning ability. Furthermore, DHA suppressed the
increases in the levels of lipid peroxide and reactive oxygen
species in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus of Abeta-
infused rats, suggesting that DHA increases antioxidative
defenses. DHA is thus a possible therapeutic agent for
ameliorating learning deficiencies due to Alzheimer's disease."
Docosahexaenoic acid complexed to albumin elicits high-grade ischemic
neuroprotection.
Belayev L, Marcheselli VL, Khoutorova L, Rodriguez de Turco EB, Busto R,
Ginsberg MD, Bazan NG.
Stroke. 2005 Jan;36(1):118-23. Epub 2004 Nov 29.
PMID: 15569878
<http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/36/1/118>
"... CONCLUSIONS: The high-grade neuroprotection afforded by
the DHA-albumin complex at relatively low albumin doses is
clinically advantageous in that it might reduce the likelihood
of acute intravascular volume overload and congestive heart
failure sometimes induced when patients with compromised
cardiovascular function are treated with high-dose albumin."
Docosahexaenoic acid promotes neurite growth in hippocampal neurons.
Calderon F, Kim HY.
J Neurochem. 2004 Aug;90(4):979-88. Erratum in: J Neurochem. 2004
Sep;90(6):1540.
PMID: 15287904
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15287904>
"... Our data demonstrates that DHA uniquely promotes neurite
growth in hippocampal neurons. Inadequate neurite development due
to DHA deficiency may contribute to the cognitive impairment
associated with n-3 fatty acid deficiency."
Maternal DHA and the development of attention in infancy and '
toddlerhood.
Colombo J, Kannass KN, Shaddy DJ, Kundurthi S, Maikranz JM, Anderson CJ,
Blaga OM, Carlson SE.
Child Dev. 2004 Jul-Aug;75(4):1254-67.
PMID: 15260876
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15260876>
"... These findings are consistent with evidence suggesting a link
between DHA and cognitive development in infancy. ..."
Neuroprotective effect of docosahexaenoic acid on glutamate-induced
cytotoxicity in rat hippocampal cultures.
Wang X, Zhao X, Mao ZY, Wang XM, Liu ZL.
Neuroreport. 2003 Dec 19;14(18):2457-61.
PMID: 14663210
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14663210>
Fish consumption, blood docosahexaenoic acid and chronic diseases in
Chinese rural populations.
Wang Y, Crawford MA, Chen J, Li J, Ghebremeskel K, Campbell TC, Fan W,
Parker R, Leyton J.
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2003 Sep;136(1):127-40. Review.
PMID: 14527635
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14527635>
"... A strong inverse correlation between DHA in RBC and
cardiovascular disease (CVD) was found. The strongest
correlation was the combination of DHA and oleic acid. RBC
docosahexaenoic acid itself also correlated negatively and
significantly with most chronic diseases and appeared to be
more protective than either eicosapentaenoic or the omega3
docosapenataenoic acids. These results demonstrate the
protective nature of fish consumption and DHA, found in high
fat Western diets, operates at a low level of fat. This finding
suggests the protective effect of fish consumption as validated
by red cell DHA is universal. The protective effect is,
therefore, most likely to be due to the fundamental properties
of docosahexaenoic acid in cell function."
Neuroprotective effect of developmental docosahexaenoic acid supplement
against excitotoxic brain damage in infant rats.
Högyes E, Nyakas C, Kiliaan A, Farkas T, Penke B, Luiten PG.
Neuroscience. 2003;119(4):999-1012.
PMID: 12831859
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12831859>
Cognitive deficits in docosahexaenoic acid-deficient rats.
Catalan J, Moriguchi T, Slotnick B, Murthy M, Greiner RS, Salem N Jr.
Behav Neurosci. 2002 Dec;116(6):1022-31.
PMID: 12492301
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12492301>
Docosahexaenoic acid provides protection from impairment of learning
ability in Alzheimer's disease model rats.
Hashimoto M, Hossain S, Shimada T, Sugioka K, Yamasaki H, Fujii Y,
Ishibashi Y, Oka J, Shido O.
J Neurochem. 2002 Jun;81(5):1084-91.
PMID: 12065621
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12065621>
The protective effect of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid against
impairment of spatial cognition learning ability in rats infused with
amyloid beta((1-40)).
Hashimoto M, Hossain S, Tanabe Y, Kawashima A, Harada T, Yano T,
Mizuguchi K, Shido O.
J Nutr Biochem. 2008 Nov 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 18993051
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18993051>
Reduction in cerebral atrophy associated with ethyl-eicosapentaenoic
acid treatment in patients with Huntington's disease.
Puri BK, Bydder GM, Manku MS, Clarke A, Waldman AD, Beckmann CF.
J Int Med Res. 2008 Sep-Oct;36(5):896-905.
PMID: 18831882
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18831882>
"... These findings show that treatment with ethyl-EPA is
associated with significant reduction in brain atrophy,
particularly in the caudate and thalamus. No other drug
tested in Huntington's disease has shown this effect."
Omega-3 DHA and EPA for cognition, behavior, and mood: clinical
findings and structural-functional synergies with cell membrane
phospholipids.
Kidd PM.
Altern Med Rev. 2007 Sep;12(3):207-27. Review.
PMID: 18072818
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18072818>
<http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/12/3/207.pdf> (full text)
"... Krill omega-3 phospholipids demonstrated anti-inflammatory
activity, lowering C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in a
double-blind trial. Utilizing DHA and EPA together with
phospholipids and membrane antioxidants to achieve a triple cell
membrane synergy may further diversify their currently wide range
of clinical applications."
Eicosapentaenoic acid stimulates the expression of myelin proteins in
rat brain.
Salvati S, Natali F, Attorri L, Di Benedetto R, Leonardi F, Di Biase A,
Ferri F, Fortuna S, Lorenzini P, Sanchez M, Ricceri L, Vitelli L.
J Neurosci Res. 2008 Mar;86(4):776-84.
PMID: 17941053
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17941053>
"... In conclusion, our data suggest that EPA stimulates the
expression of specific myelin proteins through decreased CREB
phosphorylation. These results corroborate the clinical studies
of the n-3 PUFA beneficial effects on several demyelinating
diseases. ..."
Omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid. A new treatment for
psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases: a review of clinical
investigations.
Song C, Zhao S.
Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2007 Oct;16(10):1627-38. Review.
PMID: 17922626
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17922626>
Modulation of amyloid-beta-induced and age-associated changes in rat
hippocampus by eicosapentaenoic acid.
Minogue AM, Lynch AM, Loane DJ, Herron CE, Lynch MA.
J Neurochem. 2007 Nov;103(3):914-26. Epub 2007 Aug 16.
PMID: 17711425
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17711425>
Eicosapentaenoic acid confers neuroprotection in the amyloid-beta
challenged aged hippocampus.
Lynch AM, Loane DJ, Minogue AM, Clarke RM, Kilroy D, Nally RE, Roche OJ,
O'Connell F, Lynch MA.
Neurobiol Aging. 2007 Jun;28(6):845-55. Epub 2006 May 22.
PMID: 16714069
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16714069?>
Eicosapentaenoic acid and gamma-linolenic acid increase hippocampal
concentrations of IL-4 and IL-10 and abrogate lipopolysaccharide-induced
inhibition of long-term potentiation.
Kavanagh T, Lonergan PE, Lynch MA.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2004 Apr;70(4):391-7.
PMID: 15041032
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15041032>
Eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of schizophrenia and depression:
rationale and preliminary double-blind clinical trial results.
Peet M.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2003 Dec;69(6):477-85.
PMID: 14623502
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14623502>
Neuroprotective effect of eicosapentaenoic acid in hippocampus of rats
exposed to gamma-irradiation.
Lonergan PE, Martin DS, Horrobin DF, Lynch MA.
J Biol Chem. 2002 Jun 7;277(23):20804-11. Epub 2002 Mar 23.
PMID: 11912218
<http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/277/23/20804>
Eicosapentaenoic acid in treatment-resistant depression associated with
symptom remission, structural brain changes and reduced neuronal
phospholipid turnover.
Puri BK, Counsell SJ, Hamilton G, Richardson AJ, Horrobin DF.
Int J Clin Pract. 2001 Oct;55(8):560-3.
PMID: 11695079
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11695079>
Eicosapentaenoic acid treatment in schizophrenia associated with symptom
remission, normalisation of blood fatty acids, reduced neuronal membrane
phospholipid turnover and structural brain changes.
Puri BK, Richardson AJ, Horrobin DF, Easton T, Saeed N, Oatridge A,
Hajnal JV, Bydder GM.
Int J Clin Pract. 2000 Jan-Feb;54(1):57-63.
PMID: 10750263
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10750263>
Eicosapentaenoic acid: effect on brain prostaglandins, cerebral blood
flow and edema in ischemic gerbils.
Black KL, Hoff JT, Radin NS, Deshmukh GD.
Stroke. 1984 Jan-Feb;15(1):65-9.
PMID: 6320504
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6320504>
"... Our study indicates that eicosapentaenoic acid prevented
post-ischemic cerebral edema and hypoperfusion, without affecting
the levels of brain diene prostaglandin and thromboxane."
--
Matti Narkia
http://ma.gnolia.com/groups/Nutrition
.
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