Re: What are Quasars made of?

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Date: Mon, 7 Mar 2005 12:40:02 +0900

"Steve Willner" <willner@cfa.harvard.edu> wrote in message
news:42110bf9$1@cfanews.cfa.harvard.edu...

> In article <cu1ncp$jup$1@news-nth.ocn.ad.jp>,
> "Paul Hollister" <Hollister@Origin-of-Universe.com> writes:
>> Within the context of the standard Big Bang model, wherein the
>> nucleosynthesis of all hydrogen in the universe was completed within the
>> first several minutes of universe existence, the wording "preexistence of
>> hydrogen" applies specifically to the process and sequence of galaxy
>> evolution. In the context of the single Big Bang Theory, all the hydrogen
>> in
>> the universe was in existence long before the appearance of the quasars
>> and
>> galaxies.
>
> OK. We agree on this part of what the "single Big Bang Theory" says.
> Do we also agree that the theory says that deuterium, helium-3, and
> helium-4 were formed more or less at the same time as the hydrogen?

Yes. I am not raising any issue about what constitutes the Standard Big Bang
Theory. I am introducing an Ongoing Big-Bang Model which shows how the
supermassive gravitational density conditions of the quasar can be the site
of baryonogenesis and how the quasar’s nucleosynthesis and jettison of
hydrogen (proton-electron plasma) regionally results in the mainstream
sequence of galaxy evolution. I then show step-by-step how atomic and
stellar co-evolution within the circumnuclear AGN region around the quasar
and within its jettisoned hydrogen-rich regions conjointly give rise to the
entire mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution, which evolves as an
uninterrupted continuum from Quasar to Radio Galaxy to Elliptical Galaxy to
Spiral Galaxy.

>> In the context of this new "Ongoing Big-Bang" Theory of galaxy
>> and universe evolution, the nucleosynthesis of hydrogen (baryonogenesis)
>> occurs within the quasar and jettison of hydrogen in plasma form by the
>> quasar results in the gradual growth and evolution of the galaxy. I think
>> this new paradigm is worthy of consideration because the theory accounts
>> for
>> both quasar and galaxy evolution and fits the facts of what we see in the
>> surrounding visible universe, including the relative abundances and
>> distribution of the atomic elements.
>
> It's fun to consider new theories. Does your theory say the Universe
> was hotter and denser in the past or not? What abundances do you
> derive for deuterium, helium-3, and helium-4, and how do those
> abundances change with time? How do you account for the quasar
> abundance peak at z=2? In your theory, does the stellar initial mass
> function change with time, and if so, how? As you can see, I'm
> searching for testable predictions of your theory and how those
> predictions differ from those of the standard Big Bang model.

1) Does your theory (Ongoing Big-Bang Model) say the Universe was hotter and
denser in the past or not?

Formation of quark-gluon plasma and the threshold for quark-gluon particle
fusion into baryons require the temperature and density conditions defined
by the Standard Big Bang Model. As a particle-fusion process resulting in
baryonogenesis, the temperature and density conditions of quark-gluon plasma
that reaches the threshold of quark-gluon particle fusion into baryons in
the Ongoing Big-Bang Model are the same as the quark-gluon particle fusion
conditions of the Standard Big Bang Model. However, your question is asked
from the perspective that the entire Universe began from a singular big bang
(Standard Big Bang Model). Whereas the Standard Big Bang Model has the
nucleosynthesis of all the hydrogen in the universe occurring within an
extremely short period of time (within a few minutes!), the Ongoing Big-Bang
nucleosynthesis of hydrogen within the supermassive density conditions of
the quasar occurs as an ongoing process. This Ongoing Big-Bang particle
fusion into hydrogen within the quasar is comparable on another scale of
magnitude to the gradual thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium in the
stars. It is the thermal and density conditions within the star that reach
the thermonuclear threshold of nuclear fusion. Likewise, on an
astronomically larger scale of magnitude, it is the thermal and supermassive
density conditions within the quasar that reach the threshold of quark-gluon
particle fusion into the atomic nucleus of hydrogen (baryonogenesis). In
conceptual terms, the following hyperlink contains testable predictions of
the Ongoing Big-Bang Theory. In Chapter 10 ? Evidence of Ongoing Big-Bang in
Center of Every Galaxy, section ? Is Galaxy Center a Big Bang or Black Hole?
(page 111, CD Edition)
(http://www.origin-of-universe.com/home/home-galaxy-center.htm) see the
bivalve illustration of Star/Quasar and corresponding description to
conceptually visualize how the quasar is the site of quark-gluon particle
fusion into hydrogen and how this process results in the quasar’s
circumnuclear torus and cosmic plasma jets composed of proton-electron
plasma. The following is a descriptive excerpt from the hyperlink:

“The Gravity Implosion---Energy Explosion Model integrates both sides of
the process in each of these celestial orbs [Star and Quasar]. Using stellar
evolution leading to thermonuclear fusion as a model, quasar evolution
leading to thermo-particle fusion (Big-Bang) can be precisely formulated in
theoretical terms. Quasar is formed from and composed of pre- and non-atomic
particles within a Pre-Bang supermassive gravitational density. Quark-gluon
fusion into the proton nucleus of hydrogen strong-force binds the particles
into stable proton condition. This strong-force separation of particle
(proton) and anti-particle (electron) creates an electromagnetic polarity
that is the regional origin of electromagnetic force within the universe (in
the form of an electron and proton, the subatomic elements of hydrogen).
Within the supermassive density of quark-gluon plasma, hydrogen protons and
their newly formed “anti-particle” electrons are propelled outward from
the supermassive gravitational density conditions within the core of the
quasar. At the surface of the quasar, the protons are channeled by
gravitational force into orbit as a torus of proton-electron plasma whirling
around the equatorial plane of the quasar. Massive electromagnetic force
generated by the orbiting torus forms the cosmic plasma jets. Within the
supermassive gravitational conditions of the torus orbiting around the
equatorial plane of the quasar, accelerated nuclear fusion occurs that gives
rise to the regional presence of atoms of higher and higher atomic weight,
thereby accounting for the range of atomic elements evident around the
quasar” [including deuterium, helium-3 and helium-4].

In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, the “universe” is indeed regionally hotter
and denser at the site of baryonogenesis, just as it is in the Standard Big
Bang Model. However, the “Universe” as a whole was not uniformly hotter
and denser in the past because baryonogenesis is occurring locally within
each quasar, rather than simultaneously throughout the “Universe” as a
whole at one brief point in cosmos history. A comparison of the Mass Density
and Thermal Scale of the “Original Big Bang” and “Ongoing Big-Bang”
formation of hydrogen is illustrated in Chapter 7, The Big Bang With A
Cause: The Quasar!, hyperlink section Sparks, Stars and the Quasar (page 74,
CD Edition) (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_7.htm).
Quasar evolution is also conceptually illustrated in Chapter 7, hyperlink
section Quasar Evolution (page 75, CD Edition).

Whereas the Standard Big Bang Model is a unicentric process wherein all the
hydrogen in the entire universe was theoretically created within less than 3
MINUTES, the Ongoing Big-Bang Model is a multicentric “Big-Bang” process
that occurs within each quasar, wherein hydrogen is locally massively
produced and jettisoned into surrounding regional space. The timing and
sequence of hydrogen evolution from plasma to ionic to atomic to molecular
form are extremely important determinants for the timing and circumstances
of stellar evolution. In the Standard Big Bang Model it is said to have
taken about 300,000 years before the universe cooled sufficiently for
hydrogen ions to combine with electrons to form atoms, and longer before
hydrogen atoms assemble into hydrogen molecules that can gravitationally
collapse within star forming nebulae. In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, the
cooling process following baryonogenesis becomes a function of local
distance in space from the hot finite supermassive density of the quasar,
and the entire process of “Hydrogen Evolution” (regional transition from
plasma to ionic to atomic to molecular form) is directly visible in clearly
definable regions within the resulting radio galaxy. Rather than the
totality of space throughout in the universe simultaneously cooling over
eons of cosmological time before hydrogen ions can assemble into neutral
atoms and combine into hydrogen molecules that can gravitationally collapse
into stars, the entire process of hydrogen and stellar evolution in the
Ongoing Big-Bang Model are within the direct range and reach of scientific
investigation, because the entire Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution is
within reach of the Hubble Space Telescope deep fields!

If Big Bang nucleosynthesis is an ongoing process within the quasar (Ongoing
Big-Bang Model) rather than a singular event in universe history (Standard
Big Bang Model), there would be ongoing Big-Bang fusion of quark-gluon
plasma into protons and a galactic River-of-Hydrogen (proton-electron
plasma) being jettisoned out of the supermassive “black hole”
(gravitational density conditions) of the quasar, jetting and spreading
ionic hydrogen and electrons into space, cooling in the distance into atomic
and molecular hydrogen form, gathering into nebulae, giving birth to
stars---which is exactly what we see occurring in the galaxies! This Ongoing
Big-Bang Theory, which includes scientific definition of both Pre-Bang
Universe and Post-Bang Universe, can be simulated as a theoretical model if
the dark matter of the universe is composed of pre- and non-atomic particles
that have the capacity to coalesce and gravitationally collapse into the
supermassive gravitational density of the Quasar. The Ongoing Big-Bang is
defined by the threshold of quark-gluon fusion into hydrogen. The pre- and
non-atomic elements that precede the particle fusion of quark-gluon plasma
into baryons comprise a Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles that has
the potential to coalesce and gravitationally collapse into the supermassive
density of the quasar. Whereas in the Standard Big Bang Model all pre- and
non-atomic particles (including all the quarks and gluon that form the
baryonic structure of every atomic nucleus in the entire physical universe!)
are all said to have materialized within ONE SECOND (Particle Era of
Standard Big Bang Model was from 10-10 to 1 second following the
mathematical point of beginning of Big Bang) before being strong force fused
into baryons, this Ongoing Big-Bang Model is based on the preexistence of a
Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles that is in evidence as dark matter
throughout the surrounding coexisting Post-Bang Universe. The cosmic
microwave background radiation (CMB) can be viewed as a direct manifestation
of this Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles. In the Standard Big Bang
Model, CMB is viewed as the lingering embers of a single hot big bang event
that occurred 10 to 15 billion years ago. In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, CMB
is potentially a direct manifestation of the Pre-Bang Universe that contains
the pre- and non-atomic particles of dark matter that have the capacity to
coalesce and gravitationally collapse into the supermassive “black hole”
density of the quasar.

2) What abundances do you derive for deuterium, helium-3, and helium-4, and
how do those abundances change with time?

Hydrogen accounts for 73 percent of the observed mass of the universe and is
the most common element in the universe. Helium accounts for about 25
percent of the mass of the universe and is the second most common element.
All mainstream sequence stars in the universe (Hertzsprung-Russell diagram)
are predominantly composed of hydrogen. All newborn stars throughout the
universe are ignited into visible existence by the thermonuclear fusion of
hydrogen into helium. Throughout much of their life span (mainstream
sequence of stellar evolution), thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium
continues to occur in the stars. In the Standard Big Bang Model, all the
hydrogen and most of the deuterium, helium-3 and helium-4 in the universe
were created within 3 MINUTES following the mathematical point of beginning
of Big Bang. In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, the nucleosynthesis of hydrogen
is produced inside the supermassive thermal and gravitational density
conditions of the quasar. This Ongoing Big-Bang nucleosynthesis of hydrogen
results directly in the formation of the quasar’s circumnuclear torus and
cosmic plasma jets of proton-electron plasma, as described under Question #1
above. The circumnuclear torus surrounding the quasar is composed of
proton-electron plasma (hydrogen) under enormous temperature and
gravitational density conditions that result in accelerated nuclear fusion
of deuterium, helium-3 and helium-4 and atomic elements that are in evidence
immediately around the quasar and within the active galactic nucleus (AGN)
region of the galaxy. The following hyperlink contains detailed description
and testable predictions of this Ongoing Big-Bang process that results in
atomic nucleosynthesis and AGN evolution: Chapter 12 ? Quasar and AGN
Evolution, section ? Ongoing Big-Bang Alignment of Quasars and Circumnuclear
AGNs (page 149, CD Edition)

(http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_12.htm).

The following excerpt from the hyperlink describes how accelerated nuclear
fusion immediately around the quasar forms atoms of higher atomic weight and
gives rise to the active galactic nucleus (AGN) region of the galaxy:

“As the quasar matures, the environment around the quasar evolves from two
separate but simultaneous and closely interrelated processes, each of which
have their own unique regional rate of evolution: 1) The quasar’s radio
jets account for the accumulative formation of the galaxy’s radio structure
and hydrogen atmosphere that results in the starburst growth and evolution
of the optical galaxy, as previously described, which accounts for the
evolution of the elliptical galaxy. 2) The quasar’s plasma torus accounts
for the evolution of the circumnuclear environment around the quasar, which
over time evolves into the galaxy’s visible active galactic nucleus (AGN),
which in turn accounts for the massive materialization of circumnuclear
galaxy dust and morphological evolution of the spiral galaxy. The
astronomical temperature conditions and massive amounts of hydrogen produced
by the Big-Bang process of quark-gluon fusion within the quasar account for
the sequential formation of the circumnuclear plasma torus and resulting
materialization and fueling of the AGN. Within the thermonuclear inferno of
the AGN is where the massive amounts of higher atomic-molecular weight dust
is formed that is responsible for gradually reshaping the galaxy from
spherical to elliptical to spiral form. Whereas the increasing volume and
size of the elliptical stages of optical galaxy evolution are largely due to
the radio jets and rain of hydrogenous matter throughout the space of the
galaxy, the increasing ellipticity (E0-E7) of the galaxy and transformation
from elliptical to spiral galaxy form (S0) and progressive increase in the
total atomic-molecular dust and mass of the spiral stages (Sa-Sc) of galaxy
evolution are primarily the result of events taking place in the
circumnuclear AGN.”

I have stressed throughout the treatise that the quasar is the site of
hydrogen nucleosynthesis because this is the key to recognizing that the
galaxies have materialized and grown from inside outward into their range of
visible morphologies (Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution). Whereas
deuterium and helium can result from nuclear fusion within the circumnuclear
region around the quasar, and within the AGN region, and within the stars,
hydrogen nucleosynthesis can only occur within the quasar! This is the key
by which I was able to define the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution:
Quasars make hydrogen! From this perspective, the origin of the
Intergalactic Medium and the Lyman alpha forest can be looked at in a new
light. (To avoid any misunderstanding or confusion about what constitutes
the Standard Big Bang Model perspective see Professor Bill Keel’s excellent
essay about Quasars, AGN and Lyman Alpha Forest at
http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/agn/).

Within the Intergalactic Medium, from Ongoing Big-Bang perspective, all
hydrogen can be traced directly to Ongoing Big-Bang nucleosynthesis within
the quasar. Accelerated nuclear fusion of deuterium, helium-3 and helium-4
can occur in the circumnuclear region around the quasar and AGN region of
the galaxy. The presence of ionized helium (He II) within the Lyman alpha
forest can be the result of intragalactic nuclear fusion or the result of
helium being carried outward as a minor component of the jets. The process
of baryonogenesis within the quasar and nuclear fusion within its
circumnuclear torus occurs in sequence from quark-gluon plasma to hydrogen
to deuterium to helium-3 to helium-4. Whether or not a fractional portion of
helium can be jettisoned into intergalactic space rather than confined to
the circumnuclear torus and AGN region would depend in part on where
deuterium and helium nucleosynthesis begins in relationship to the formation
of the quasar’s circumnuclear torus and plasma jets. If helium
nucleosynthesis begins to occur after the formation of the plasma jets,
there should be no significant levels of intergalactic He II. If helium
nucleosynthesis begins to occur within the circumnuclear torus,
intergalactic jettison of He would be potentially possible. If helium
nucleosynthesis begins to occur proximal to the formation of the
circumnuclear torus, more He could be jettisoned into intergalactic space.

3) How do you account for the quasar abundance peak at z=2?

>From Ongoing Big-Bang perspective, two factors account for the quasar
abundance peak at redshift z=2: first, space-time look-back reveals universe
conditions at prior eras of time within the surrounding universe; second,
local conditions within the Pre-Bang Universe define the site of quasar
formation. Although the speed of light dependably measures and demarcates
distance in space-time terms, it does not need to be assumed that the
population density of quasars and galaxy types observed in distant space
have evolutionarily given rise directly to the galaxy populations within
local regional space. I have shown how each quasar initiates the Mainstream
Sequence of Galaxy Evolution within its own respective regional space, which
is illustrated and described at
http://www.origin-of-universe.com/#Galaxy_Evolution (click hyperlink for
concise description of the process).

Each quasar within the quasar abundance peak at z=2 initiates this
Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution locally within its own regional
space. As the quasar is the site of quark-gluon fusion into the atomic
nucleus of hydrogen (Ongoing “Big-Bang” in the hyperlink illustration),
the location of each quasar physically and geometrically demarcates the
relationship between the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe in space.
The quasar abundance peak at redshift z=2 is the result of regional
gravitational events within the Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles
that give rise to the supermassive “black hole” density of the quasar.
When looked at from a Locus of Vision on Planet Earth, the time required for
light to travel from those quasars reveal the regional history of universe
evolution at z=2. Reciprocally, from Ongoing Big-Bang perspective, if our
Locus of Vision was situated at redshift z=2 looking back toward Planet
Earth, we would be seeing the region of the Milky Way Galaxy and Virgo
Cluster at a prior era of regional universe history, long before our planet
was born.

In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, the quasar abundance at z=2 is the result of
local conditions within the Pre-Bang Universe. Local conditions within the
Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles gravitationally give rise to the
supermassive density of the quasar that reaches the particle-fusion
threshold of its visible “Big-Bang”. The location of quasars and their
active jets make it possible to demarcate and precisely map the relationship
between the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe in space. The
supermassive “black hole” density of the quasar is formed by gravitational
collapse of pre- and non-atomic particles of dark matter within a Pre-Bang
Universe. The site of gravitational collapse is thereby a function of
conditions within the coexisting Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles.
The quasar as a result is a physical point of interface between the Pre-Bang
and Post-Bang Universe. The Large Scale Structure of Universe is
characterized by a cell-like pattern consisting of superclusters of galaxies
surrounding large voids of space. By correlating the distribution of quasars
and their jets with the morphological characteristics of the Mainstream
Sequence of Galaxy Evolution, I was able to recognize a “Unit of Universe”
pattern within the surrounding Large Scale Structure of Universe that
potentially integrates the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe as a
unified system on a large scale.

Chapter 17, Representative Sample of Cosmos and Universe (pages 193-201, CD
Edition) (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_17.htm)
illustrates the relationship of the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe
within the Large Scale Structure of the Universe. The illustrated “Unit of
Universe” pattern in 4-spatial dimensions shows how the Pre-Bang Universe
and Post-Bang Universe can both be mapped in space as a structural and
functional unit that is within direct scientific reach in the surrounding
Large Scale Structure of Universe.

Chapter 18, Large Scale Unified Structure of Pre-Bang and Post-Bang
Universes describes a methodology for scientifically investigating the
Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universe as a unified system.

4) In your theory (Ongoing Big-Bang Model), does the stellar initial mass
function change with time, and if so, how?

If you take a few moments to model in your mind what the universe would look
like if the quasar is the site of Ongoing Big-Bang nucleosynthesis and
jettison of hydrogen, the resulting process of stellar evolution unfolds
into the morphological pattern of galaxies we see in the surrounding
universe. To visualize this, however, you must realize that the galaxy
materializes and grows from inside outward into its sequence of
morphological changes, which progress from Quasar jettison of hydrogen to
Radio Galaxy reflection of massive hydrogen content to optically enlarging
Elliptical Galaxy resulting from stellar evolution to centrifugal molding of
Spiral Galaxy as a result of growing atomic molecular amassment within its
disk and spiral arms. Hydrogen is continuously jettisoned and floods into
surrounding space from the Ongoing Big-Bang process in the Quasar. The
expanding hydrogen atmosphere flooding into space from the jets regionally
evolves from plasma to ionic (H+) to atomic (H0) to molecular (H2) hydrogen
nebular form in the cooler regions surrounding the quasar at galaxy center,
producing the optically quiet pre-stellar radio-loud galaxy (Radio Galaxy).
Optical appearance of starburst activity begins at galaxy center and in the
hydrogen rich atmospheres streaming into orbit from the plumes of plasma
jets that extend thousands of light-years into space, giving optical birth
to the irregular, blue dwarf galaxy (Irregular Blue Galaxy). Globular
clusters of first generation stars (Metal-Poor Population II Stars)
continuously form in the dense hydrogen atmosphere and spread into orbit
around gravity-center main, and the galaxy gradually transforms from
irregular blue optical appearance into a homogeneous galaxy filled with
globular clusters of stars (Elliptical Galaxy). Continuous in-flooding of
hydrogen from the ongoing Big-Bang process and its visible jets causes the
elliptical galaxy to grow in size from small elliptical (E1) to medium
elliptical (E3) to large elliptical galaxy (E7). Stellar evolution within
the enlarging elliptical galaxy causes its characteristic transformation
from young blue star composition to old red star content as the galaxy grows
in size and age. Active galactic nucleus stage of galaxy evolution begins
with the appearance of massive star birth growth and evolution occurring in
the vigorous central region around the quasar (AGN, Active Galactic
Nucleus). Stellar evolution and supernova explosions within the active
galactic nucleus region of the galaxy result in sequential nuclear fusion of
atoms of higher atomic weight and their regional distribution within galaxy
space. As the generations of metal-poor Population II stars pass through
their lifecycle from Hertzsprung-Russell mainstream sequence stars to
hydrogen-core depleted red giants to supernova explosions, and as the
interstellar space within the galaxy becomes increasingly filled with the
atomic products of thermonuclear fusion, interstellar dust begins to form in
the center of the galaxy that contains atoms of higher atomic mass, and
metal-rich stars (Population I Stars) begin to be formed in the resulting
metal-rich clouds of dust. This ongoing sequence accounts for why the
central bulge of galaxies at maturity contains both Population I and
Population II stars. The metal-poor Population II stars are continuously
produced from the ongoing Big-Bang production of hydrogen and metal-rich
Population I stars are continuously produced by stellar evolution, and this
entire process and sequence of atomic and stellar co-evolution is occurring
within the space of the galaxy. Vigorous AGN activity results in the
production of immense amounts of intragalactic dust that accumulates in the
circumnuclear region of the galaxy. The increasing amounts of dust
progressively masks the brightness of the quasar at galaxy center until it
can no longer be directly seen at optical wavelengths, but the presence of
the quasar’s enormous gravitational force (“Supermassive Black Hole”)
remains evident and its explosive jets remain clearly visible throughout the
elliptical stage of galaxy growth and evolution. As intragalactic
atomic-molecular dust continues to form and accumulate within the active
galactic nuclear region of the galaxy, visible rings of atomic-molecular
dust appear and begin to spread centrifugally outward into a plane
perpendicular to the galaxy’s axis of spin, which gradually transforms the
shape of the galaxy from spherical (E0) to elliptical (E1?E7) to early
spiral form (S0). Within the AGN region at galaxy center, the atoms assemble
into molecules; the molecules amass into visible rings of intragalactic
dust, and the growing amassment of visible galaxy dust accounts for the
remolding of the shape of the galaxy. As atomic-molecular amassment of dust
continues to accumulate, the visible rings of dust become denser and
centrifugally spill outward into bars and growing spiral arms (Sa stage of
spiral galaxy evolution). As the maturing spiral galaxy is in effect a
centrifuge that concentrates the metal-rich atomic-molecular clouds of dust
in the galactic plane, this accounts for why the disk of the spiral galaxy
contains only metal-rich Population I stars. As the disk of the spiral
galaxy grows in size, the recycling lifecycles of metal-poor Population II
stars within the halo region gradually become incorporated into the growing
spiral disk and the spiral bulge gradually decreases in size (Sb and Sc
stages of spiral galaxy evolution). The bulge and halo of globular clusters
of stars in every spiral galaxy are the remnant of the elliptical galaxy
that gradually reformed into the spiral disk, which accounts for why the
globular clusters of stars in the halo of spiral galaxies are composed of
metal-poor Population II stars.

Respectfully,

Paul Hollister

http://www.Origin-of-Universe.com contains the complete manuscript of Origin
and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory by Paul
Hollister, M.D.

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