Definitions
- From: glird <glird@xxxxxxx>
- Date: Mon, 10 Aug 2009 09:46:49 -0700 (PDT)
The following is from "The Anpheon", 1990, by G Lebau.
_________
Chapter One
The Basic Items and Some Definitions
The universe consists of the interplay of six basic items, none of
which can be created out of other things. They are: matter, motion,
pressure, relation, organization, and awareness. Through direct
sensory experience of them, you already know what they are. For purely
semantic purposes, however, they will now be defined.
Matter: Matter is the tangible stuff of which solid, liquid, and
gaseous objects are made. It occupies space everywhere.
*Matter* exists in two modes, amorphous and particulate. The
amorphous mode is continuous, compressible, and easily movable.
Particles are patterned portions, each of which maintains a lasting
identity. Particles interact collectively to form the various states;
namely solid, liquid and gaseous. The modes and states of matter are
interconvertible.
Matter has a few basic properties. The passive properties are that
it is compressible, that it persists eternally, that it is movable and
that it has extension no matter how strongly compressed. It has one
familiar active property, namely, the more it is compressed the more
strongly it resists further compression. It presses back outwardly in
all directions from any point. It is therefore bodily expandable.
Matter is the most primary basic item because none of the others
could exist without it. What you see it doing is exactly how matter
acts.
*Motion and Pressure*: "Motion" is the process of changing place
from any here to any there. Through direct experience of it
independently of any definitions in words or mathematics, we all know
what motion is.
"Pressure" is any affirmative tension such as you feel if you get
squeezed. Its unit of measure is a "gram", which is the quantity of
pressure one cubic centimeter of water exerts against a supporting
scale when at rest at sea level at the equator of Earth at 4 degrees
C.
It is always matter that exerts pressure and it is always matter upon
which pressure is exerted. Both matter and pressure are capable of
motion.
*Relation*: "Relation" denotes the juxtaposition of things with
respect to where and when they are, relative to each other. Relation
is the main subject of the mathematical language of Physics. With
respect to that, however, there is a duality to relation. "Physical
relation" is the relation that exists between real things, whether or
not it is measured. We may, herein, use the terms "physical" and
"absolute" interchangeably as far as relation is concerned. "Metrical
relation" is the abstract relation obtained with the measuring tools
we invent and use to measure such physical relations. The physical
relations in space and time play a controlling role in how things are
made, what they are, and how they act.
*Organization*: "Organization" denotes the degree of relative
concentration of matter, its actions, and its inter-related patterns.
What you see all around you are the organized portions of matter
itself, demonstrating all the properties that matter has.
*Awareness*: By direct experience of it, we all know what awareness
is. It will not be defined here except to call it to your attention as
a basic item. Although it cannot exist in a void, there is no void
anywhere. Although the actions of matter are required for it to exist,
the same such actions could exist without being aware; so awareness is
not made of matter in action. It therefore seems to exist at the basic
level.
The question as to whether matter has the capacity to be aware or
whether it merely provides the vehicle and actions that allow
meaningful awareness to exist will not be considered in this book.
Were matter ever totally dispersed and uniformly motionless under a
uniform pressure everywhere, there would have been neither relation,
motion, awareness and its requisite mechanisms, nor organization.
Indeed, if ever such a situation existed it never could have changed
and the universe that now exists would forever have been impossible.
Accordingly, the basic items have always existed.
There are other things that exist; either as properties of a basic
item, as constructions composed of more than one of them, or as purely
conceptual tools that don’t physically exist. Some of these things
will now be defined.
*Dimension*: A dimension is an aspect of the physical world that we
choose to measure. Each such dimension has a unit of measure which is
arbitrarily chosen by a group of qualified people who also appoint
some physical thing to represent the elected unit. Each such unit is
then the comparative device against which that dimension’s variations
are quantitatively compared. Each such conceptual category and each
such unit is a useful artifice, invented to measure a specified
variable.
*Space and Time*: The totality of physical extension in all
directions is called "space". The totality of metrical extension in
all directions is also called "space". Metrical space is measured in
an arbitrarily chosen number of directions, using agreed upon units of
length. The minimum number of directions required to specify the
location of an object in metrical space is three. Each such direction
is called a dimension.
The totality of temporal duration of physical things is called
"time". The dimension with which we measure arbitrarily chosen
portions of physical duration in terms of agreed upon units of measure
is also called "time".
*Sinchronism, Esynched and Zimultaneous*: In his 1905 Relativity
paper Einstein wrote, "we establish by definition that the 'time'
required by light to travel from A to B equals the 'time' it requires
to travel from B to A. Let a ray of light start at the 'A time' tA
from A toward B, let it at the 'B time' tB be reflected at B in the
direction of A, and arrive at A at the 'A time' tA’. In accordance
with [that] definition the two clocks synchronize if tB - tA = tA’ -
tB."
Clocks of a given system that have been hand set by Einstein’s method
will herein be called "esynched". Esynched clocks of a physically
moving system will be called "sinchronous".
After clocks of differently moving systems were esynched his way
Einstein said, "two events which, viewed from a system of co-
ordinates, are simultaneous, can no longer be looked upon as
simultaneous events when envisaged from a system which is in motion
relatively to that system."
Let event A occur at x = x' = 0 and event B at x = 1. Let the events
be marked at those two points at tA and tB of clocks of system X and
at t’A and t’B by those of system X’ that moves at v as plotted by
system X. If the clocks of the two systems register
tA = t’A = tB = 0,
"the relativity of simultaneity" requires that t’B ╪ 0, thus that tA =
tB = t’A ╪ t’B. If the speed of light were physically the same in
differently moving systems, however, that would be impossible.
Therefore, either one or both of these esynched systems’ clocks cannot
be synchronous. Accordingly, relative simultaneity is based on the
underlying requirement that at least one of the two systems is moving
relative to the local luminiferous ether, thus that its esynched
clocks are sinchronous rather than synchronous.
If, then, esynched clocks that are not on a plane perpendicular to
the direction of absolute motion of their own moving system mark an
event per clock per position as happening "at the same time", we know
the events did not happen simultaneously. We will therefore call such
events "zimultaneous".
(Entrainment says that even in Y and Z events that happen “at the
same time” are not simultaneous! 9/22/07)
*Sorce*: One of the basic properties of matter is that it
automatically exerts an expansive pressure in all directions from any
given point. This expansive basic pressure is called "sorce". Matter
exerts and contains and resists this pressure. Since matter is
everywhere, so is sorce.
The pressure caused by the bombardment of kinetic particles is
different than the expansive pressure exerted by this active property
of matter. Though sorce represents an omnipresent basic pressure,
local pressures may change due to many causes. Although sorce tends to
equalize in all directions, the actions required to achieve such
uniformity spread at finite speeds. Sorce thus never succeeds in
reaching the same value everywhere. It is sorce pressure that
indirectly maintains particles in their organized form. Most of the
ensuing constructions in this book are based on the events required to
obtain a uniform sorce-pressure throughout any local field.
*Weight*: Weight is the amount of pressure a body exerts against a
surface. Its unit of measure is a gram, The mechanism of weight will
be explained in Chapter Five, where it will be shown that only
particulate bodies respond to a gravitational field, thus have weight.
*Force*: A "force" is a net pressure in a given direction, measured
independently of the area of application. Its unit of measure is a
dyne, defined as the quantity of force that will produce an
acceleration of 1 cm. per second per second when acting on a body that
weighs one gram. The physics textbooks stipulate that "weight is a
force". Indeed, weight is the force of gravity in a given particulate
body.
A contact force is the pressure exerted by a body against another
one. A field force is a pressure that arises in a body without direct
contact with another one. Since pressure cannot exist in a void, the
fact that field forces exist everywhere proves that matter is
everywhere.
*Mass*. "Mass" denotes the weight of a quantity of matter in a
particulate body at rest on the equator of Earth at standard
temperature and pressure (s.t.p.). The unit of measure, a "gram", is
the weight of 1 cc of water at the same s.t.p. on Earth.
Although proportional to the mass of an atomic body, the weight
(though not the mass) of a body is variable in different g-fields.
Though weight is a function of the quantity of matter in a body, it
measures the net pressure exerted by that material, not the amount of
material per se.
In "Definition 1" of the Principia, Newton wrote,
"The quantity of matter is the measure of the same, arising from
its density and bulk conjointly. ... It is this quantity that I mean
hereafter everywhere under the name of body or mass. And the same is
known by the weight of each body, for it is proportional to the
weight, as I have found by experiment".
If we wished to accommodate Newton’s definition of mass, as compared
to weight, we could allow that mass denotes a quantity of matter
regardless of whether or not it has weight. In that case, though, the
unit of measure of weight would be inapplicable to mass. In order to
avoid ambiguity we will therefore now define the meaning of mass as
used herein.
*Mass*: "Mass" denotes a quantity of matter.
*Density*. "Density" is defined as "mass per unit volume", which
means the _weight_ of a concentration of atomic matter in grams per
unit volume. Since amorphous matter has no weight, the term "density"
doesn’t apply to matter per se. (As explained in subsequent chapters
herein, it is weight, not matter, that disappears when some of the
material formed into atoms flows out of its organized form and the
weight of the remaining particles is less than the initial total
weight had been.)
*Dinsity. The zone within the adjacent figure contains a number of
atoms (the dots). Each weighs say one unit. There are no atoms in box
a so the weight, thus mass and density in it is zero. Box b contains
four atoms. If this box is one cc large, the density would be four
units per cc. However, a continuous compressible material fills box a
and the spaces between atoms in box b, but has no weight thus has no
mass or density. We will therefore define a new word to denote the
degree of concentration of matter and a new unit of measure for it.
"Dinsity" denotes the quantity of matter per unit volume, whether or
not any of it is particulate or has weight in a gravitational field.
This concept and its term are applicable even if some of the matter in
a volume is particulate. The unit of measure is a "densum", plural:
densa. It is the quantity of matter in 1 cc of water at s.t.p. on
Earth. (This unit is deliberately chosen as numerically equal to that
of one gram of weight of that same quantity of water at rest on
Earth.)
A densum is a constant quantity of matter regardless of how the
material may be organized, no matter what its volume may be under
different conditions and whether or not it has the "mass" (actually
weight, in grams) denoted by the m in most of the present equations of
Physics. The quantity of matter, in densa, is the measure of the
same; independently of its weight or state or shape or volume or
location or anything else.
Dinsity (in densa) and density (in grams) are neither the same thing
nor exclusive of each other.
Density: "Density" is defined as "mass per unit volume"" denotes the
weight of a quantity of matter in a particulate body at rest on the
equator of Earth at standard temperature and pressure (s.t.p.).
Although proportional to the quantity of atomic matter in a body, the
weight of a body (though not its quantity of matter) is variable in
different gravitational fields., which means the weight of a
concentration of atomic matter in grams per unit volume. Since
amorphous matter has no weight, the term "density" doesn’t apply to
matter per se. (As explained in subsequent chapters, it is weight, not
matter, that disappears when some of the material formed into atoms
flows out of its organized form and the weight of the remaining
particles is less than their total initial weight had been.)
Dinsity: The zone within the adjacent figure contains a number of
atoms (the dots). Each weighs say one unit. There are no atoms in box
a so the weight, thus mass and density in it is zero. Box b contains
four atoms. If this box is one cc large, the density would be four
units per cc. However, although continuous compressible material fills
box a, and also the spaces between the atoms in box b, it has no
weight thus has no mass or density. Hence the density in box a will be
zero even though it is totally filled with matter. We will therefore
define a new word to denote the quantity of matter per unit volume and
a new unit of measure for it.
"Dinsity" denotes the quantity of matter per unit volume whether or
not any of it is particulate or has weight in a gravitational field.
This concept and its term are applicable even if some of the matter in
a volume is particulate. The unit of measure is a "densum", plural:
densa. It is the quantity of matter in 1 cc of water at s.t.p. on
Earth. (This unit is deliberately chosen as numerically equal to that
of one gram of weight of that same quantity of water in the same
condition.)
A densum is a constant quantity of matter regardless of how the
material may be organized or what its volume may be under different
conditions, and whether or not it has the "mass" (actually weight, in
grams) denoted by the m in most of the present equations of Physics.
The quantity of matter, in densa, is the measure of the same;
independently of its weight or state or shape or volume or location or
anything else. Dinsity (in densa) and density (in grams) are neither
the same thing nor exclusive of each other.*Mass*. "Mass" denotes the
weight of a quantity of matter in a particulate body at rest on the
equator of Earth at standard temperature and pressure (s.t.p.). The
unit of measure, a "gram", is the weight of 1 cc of water at the same
s.t.p. on Earth.
In "Definition 1" of the Principia, Newton wrote,
"The quantity of matter is the measure of the same, arising from
its density and bulk conjointly. ... It is this quantity that I mean
hereafter everywhere under the name of body or mass. And the same is
known by the weight of each body, for it is proportional to the
weight, as I have found by experiment".
Although proportional to the mass of an atomic body, the weight
(though not the mass) of a body is variable in different g-fields.
Though weight is a function of the quantity of matter in a body, it
measures the net pressure exerted by that material, not the amount of
material per se. If we wished to accommodate Newton’s definition of
mass, as compared to weight, we could allow that mass denotes a
quantity of matter regardless of whether or not it has weight. In that
case, though, the unit of measure of weight would be inapplicable to
mass. In order to avoid ambiguity we will therefore now define the
meaning of mass as used herein.
*Mass*: "Mass" denotes a quantity of matter.
*Density*. "Density" is defined as "mass per unit volume", which
means the _weight_ of a concentration of atomic matter in grams per
unit volume. Since amorphous matter has no weight, the term "density"
doesn’t apply to matter per se. (As explained in subsequent chapters
herein, it is weight, not matter, that disappears when some of the
material formed into atoms flows out of its organized form and the
weight of the remaining particles is less than the initial total
weight had been.)
*Dinsity. The zone within the adjacent figure contains a number of
atoms (the dots). Each weighs say one unit. There are no atoms in box
a so the weight, thus mass and density in it is zero. Box b contains
four atoms. If this box is one cc large, the density would be four
units per cc. However, a continuous compressible material fills box a
and the spaces between atoms in box b, but has no weight thus has no
mass or density. We will therefore define a new word to denote the
degree of concentration of matter and a new unit of measure for it.
"Dinsity" denotes the quantity of matter per unit volume, whether or
not any of it is particulate or has weight in a gravitational field.
This concept and its term are applicable even if some of the matter in
a volume is particulate. The unit of measure is a "densum", plural:
densa. It is the quantity of matter in 1 cc of water at s.t.p. on
Earth. (This unit is deliberately chosen as numerically equal to that
of one gram of weight of that same quantity of water at rest on
Earth.)
A densum is a constant quantity of matter regardless of how the
material may be organized, no matter what its volume may be under
different conditions and whether or not it has the "mass" (actually
weight, in grams) denoted by the m in most of the present equations of
Physics. The quantity of matter, in densa, is the measure of the
same; independently of its weight or state or shape or volume or
location or anything else. Dinsity (in densa) and density (in grams)
are neither the same thing nor exclusive of each other.
*Ether, inther and exther*: Even though there is no ether different
from matter itself, the word will be used herein and will now be
defined. "Ether" denotes the continuity aspect of the material in a
zone, whether or not that zone has any particles in it.
The material that is part of a unit is its "inther" (intrinsic
ether). The material outside a unit is "exther" (external ether) to
it. In discussing the volume of a wave system we may sometimes denote
the material in it at a given instant as its inther and the rest of
the field would constitute its instantaneous exther.
If it be an iceberg that a radio wave traverses, the material
comprising the ice is the inther that conducts the radio wave. If the
wave then moves out into interstellar space, then the amorphous form
of the same basic matter that icebergs are made of comprises the
inther per wave.
As to that, in the introductory remarks of his 1905 relativity paper
Einstein said,
"The introduction of a 'luminiferous ether' will prove to be
superfluous inasmuch as the view here to be developed will not require
'an absolutely stationary space' provided with special properties, nor
assign a velocity-vector to a point of the empty space in which
electromagnetic processes take place."
Although there is no ether other than continuous matter itself, it
is this easily movable compressible matter that physically enacts and
transmits all electromagnetic pulsations, including the range of
frequencies defined as "light". As will be explained in Chapter Five,
Einstein's General Relativity equations map the local sorce and
dinsity gradients (s-d gradients) of this material and the variable
rates of identical events at different places in such s-d gradients.
*Ontropy*: "Ontropy" denotes the property of matter such that it
takes increasingly greater increments of pressure to gain unit-volume
condensation per unit increase in density, wherefore matter
increasingly rapidly increases its expansive pressure as the density
increases. It is an escalating curve. Ontropy includes the converse of
this; which is that the lower the density the weaker the expansive
pressure and the more easily the material can be compressed.
One of the consequences of ontropy is that as the local density
increases it will reach a level where there isn't enough pressure
available anywhere to increase it by meaningful amounts. Therefore,
regardless of how much a given portion of matter may be compressed it
will still have a volume; the more matter per portion the greater its
final size will be.
The ontropic density gradients are the seat and cause of
gravitational force. The mechanism of that will be explained in detail
in Chapter Five.
*Energy*: "Energy" is the ability to do work. The following
equations prove this.
F = ma, so m = F/a. Therefore, by substituting equals for equals we
see that
e = mc2 = (F/a)c2
= F(cm2/sec2)/(cm/sec2) = Fd
= gm cm = ergs = work.
That which possesses this ability is matter. That which provides
matter with the ability to do work is the difference in degree of
organization of different portions of matter. That difference is the
result of the interplay of the motions, pressures, densities, and
ontropy, of matter.
Being a complex product, energy is not a basic item. Pressure, from
sorce or the momentum of particulate matter, does the work; but
density changes can ontropically take the place of altered quantities
of motion and pressure. Therefore, a locally increased density
represents potentially existent energy. A vast reserve of what would
otherwise be surplus pressure is therefore provided by increased
material density. Accordingly, a local change in density can
compensate for a change in local motions without changing the local
pressure. The resulting density gradients can release pressure
whenever the local patterns of motion that initiated such gradients
are altered, even though such released pressure did not previously
exist there, as such.
Ontropy is the property responsible for great amounts of pressure
being released by slight decreases in density, when the density is
great. That is what "atomic energy" physically is.
*Entropy*: "Entropy" is the dimension with which we measure the
relative amount of organization of matter and energy. Maximum
concentration is designated as zero entropy. Total dispersion, were
such a state possible, would be designated as 100% entropy. Since it
is differences in degree of organization that provides the ability to
do work, entropy is a measure of the relative degree of concentration
of energy.
The choice of the term ontropy, so similar to entropy, was due to
their intimate interrelation even though they remain completely
individual and different from each other. It is ontropy that stops
entropy from evolving unchecked.
*Matter-unit*: The self-perpetuating configurations into which matter
is constrained by the actions of pressure and motion repeat at
increasingly larger levels of organization. We will call these
configurations "matter-units".
In a restricted sense, such objects could be called "particles". The
hierarchy of matter-units that we will consider, however, includes
things which are too big to be called particles. That hierarchy
consists of atoms, molecules, planets, stars with or without planetary
systems, stellar systems such as the solar system, binary star
systems, galaxies, galactic groups, and ultimately the unconfined yet
patterned universe.
The material component of a unit belongs to and travels as a
permanent part of its construction. In so doing, it bodily displaces
the surrounding medium. One of the aims of this book is to show how
the basic items operate to form and preserve these discrete units.
A matter-unit may be made of myriad smaller units, each of which may
be able to move through the surrounding material that is part of the
parent unit. Nevertheless, the material of such member units is part
of the continuum of material forming and owned by the larger unit. In
our terms, then, a "continuum" need not be homogeneous or internally
self-stationary. Accordingly, portions of the material of a unit are
capable of moving about within the unit even though they remain part
of that unit. For example, despite the many varied motions of the
waters of the oceans the material of these oceans belongs to and is
part of the planet Earth.
An atom may be part of a particle, a molecule. The "particle" called
Earth travels through a sun-oriented configuration of material which
to us is a continuous amorphous medium. When we examine it further,
though, we find that it has structure. It conforms to the pattern
found to be common for all matter-units and is thus part of the
"particle" called "Solar System". The Milky Way is a patterned stellar
configuration which moves as a particle with respect to other such
galactic matter-units and the intervening matter through which they
too travel. All of the material filling a galactic group travels with
and as part of that unit, displacing the surrounding substance just as
a pebble does when dropping through a glass of water. To that extent,
then, matter is not uniformly amorphous anywhere, since it is
everywhere part of an overriding set of patterned configurations. It
is to that extent always part of a "particle", i.e. a larger matter-
unit, and every matter-unit is in turn a portion of the continuous
material that organizes into the successively higher level members of
the hierarchy of such units.
Noting the perfect regularity of certain heavenly patterns, Plato
hypothesized that pure mathematical form is the essence of reality.
{But since every three steps up the Highest Mountain is followed by
two mudslides down, he then denied the reality of the world revealed
by our senses.} There IS a formal pattern in all matter-units. A force
matrix with a purity of form pervades the material of all fields and
matter-units and influences their actions and that of their components
accordingly. It DOES tend to obey the mathematical regularities
imposed by the need for equilibrium everywhere. Though gross objects
are impelled toward their positions of equilibrium by these internal,
physically real patterns, their own variably patterned material,
opposed by that of all neighbors, usually prevents them from such
perfect alignments despite the mathematically pure patterns of the
sorce gradients themselves. Nevertheless, since a regularly structured
force matrix does exist, pure mathematics is a perfect tool for
deciphering and expressing that aspect of reality.
*Inergy and Exergy*: The energy trapped within and as part of a
matter-unit is its INtrinsic enERGY, i.e. "inergy". Energy that is not
a permanent part of a unit is "exergy" to it even if that energy
permeates the unit. The inergy of a wave system travels with it
through an extheric field. The exergy of a matter-unit exists within
its inther.
*Void*: The word "void" denotes the absence of any material at all.
Since pressure waves exist everywhere, there is no void space
anywhere. Similarly, there is no such thing as a true "vacuum", in
the accepted meaning of that word. Since we will use these two terms
nevertheless, their meanings as used herein will now be defined.
A "void" is a space in which nothing whatsoever exists.
A "vacuum" is a space devoid of particles. In terms of this
definition, a vacuum can be filled with basic, undifferentiated
material substance. It just can't have particles in it. (What
distinguishes this definition from common usage is that this "vacuum"
is not empty, unless one specifies that it is a "void vacuum".
*Inx and Rinx*: If a pressure-disequilibrium occurs in highly
compressible matter, some of the material will be pushed toward the
zone of lesser pressure. An INfluX ("inx") thus occurs. As this
happens, the local dinsity increases. Because matter resists
condensation increasingly strongly as it is compressed, ontropy
thereby restores pressure equilibrium in the local field.
Because a local field is part of an ever larger material expanse,
such an inx draws material from elsewhere, so the sorce disequilibrium
and the inx effects will eventually spread to ever wider fields. This
is the mechanism of entropy, on a universal level.
A sorce decrease perpendicular to a density wave that is itself
moving perpendicularly outward from the interface would be along a
plane parallel to that surface. Any flow of ether parallel to the
surface would only cause the local decrease to flow around the core,
rather than restore sorce equilibrium to the field. Such a flow of a
local sorce imbalance round about, so to speak, is termed "rinx", a
sort of round-inx even though the imbalance doesn’t actually flow
circularly.
When the density wave is moving parallel to the surface, however,
the sorce decrease radiates outwardly, perpendicular to the wave and
therefore to the interface.
Inx and rinx are the mechanism by which matter-units and their
internal patterns are formed. Inx-rinx effects remain within the
inther of shell-layers of matter-units of any and all levels of the
matter-unit hierarchy, but also radiate into the thereby affected
surroundings.
There is an endless amount of outside ether to ontropically restore
a local sorce-equilibrium by supplying material to increase the
density. This ontropic buildup then becomes excessive when the
causative agent has passed, whereupon the ether will begin to expand
back to prior conditions. Because the density gradient ("grad d")
initially decreases with the square of the distance and because degree
of wave diffraction depends on both the steepness of the gradient and
the absolute value of the density, it will take similarly increasing
distances for each successively induced sorce-wave sequence to have
its path refracted enough to be moving parallel to the surface. At
such r^2 distances (r = radius) the density gradient will be
successively, though successively more weakly, reinforced.
A density gradient can persist in place as long as equilibrium is
thereby served. A sorce gradient cannot persist in place because it is
the very mechanism of disequilibrium, which causes compensating
actions to eliminate it.
There are complications beneath this concept: A density gradient
that has restored equilibrium of local sorce can persist. A localized
sorce-inequality within a small field cannot persist. This is not to
say, however, that sorce must therefore be a constant everywhere. The
pressure caused by gravitational mass [weight] of components of a
field adds to that of general sorce, to create a greater local
pressure in this field than elsewhere, i.e. a pressure gradient
throughout the local field. The local pressure, however, represents
the "zero level" from which plus or minus changes are measured and
calculated.
There will be a few more new words and some re-definitions of old
ones but these are enough to let us begin more detailed constructions.
______
Last year I finally realized that if we measure mass in densa
instead of grams, the word "dinsity" isn't needed. Accordingly in my
books i changed "dinsity" to "density"; as used above.
glird
glird
.
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