The paradoxes of time and the origin of gravity.
- From: "Rolf Guthmann" <rolfguthmann@xxxxxxxxxx>
- Date: 31 Jul 2005 18:07:05 -0700
Quantum Theory of Gravity - "QTG"
The Powerful new law of the gravity !!
The Step-by-Step QTG:
The powerful new law of gravity and its philosophy of space-time
This is a presentation of the QTG without the use of mathematics or
diagrams, using a logical sequence of information together with mental
experiments, arguments, considerations and conclusions to give a
simpler understanding of the ideas and philosophy of the QTG.
1. The starting point for a better understanding of the QTG depends on
accepting that the speed of light is the same for any point of
reference, and that it is also the highest speed that any kind of
information can reach. These are structural characteristics of our
space-time: the natural laws of our universe.
2. It is also essential to accept the dilation of time and all the
other consequences of Step 1, as established by the theories of Special
and General Relativity.
3. We will begin with a mental experiment, in which Anna, Tim and Bob
are sitting equally spaced around a round table. There is perfect
symmetry between them.
4. In this situation, we can see that each of them will have an
imperceptibly different reality in relation to the present, as a
consequence of the limit to the speed of information.
5. We should consider that we are analyzing macrostructures or objects
in the macrocosm, because Anna, Tim and Bob are made up of a very large
number of atoms.
6. We know that all of the photons perceived by their eyes had an
origin, that is, they were dispersed by atoms, and these atoms do this
constantly. Photons do not come from nothing.
7. Electromagnetic waves are photons that oscillate at all frequencies,
but we perceive only a small portion of this spectrum.
8. The collapse of these photons also occurs in atoms: the spectrum
perceived by the eye transmits the information via an electrical signal
along the optic nerve.
9. We must accept that the optic nerve is the point of reference of
each observer: the entry point for the electromagnetic waves.
10. Considering Step 1, we know that all information received by the
optic nerve is from the past. That is, for Anna, Tim and Bob, all
information analyzed is from the past. They are three different
observation systems, each with the sensation of being in the future.
This is true for each of them, and is what we referred to in Step 4.
11. While we were philosophizing, time was passing: the main time
related to the time reference of these macrostructures. In a way, we
could admit that time passes at the same rate for each of them, as they
are practically within the same point of reference. We will name the
velocity at which this time advances the local time reference.
12. Let us now imagine that at the center of our round table is a
hydrogen atom, at exactly the same distance from the three optic nerves
of Anna, Tim and Bob.
13. As this atoms consists of subatomic particles, we classify it as
being a microstructure or a microcosm.
14. For this hydrogen atom, Anna, Tim and Bob are equally in the past
by exactly the same amount, because information from them reaches its
nucleus simultaneously. We should imagine this as an ideal central
point.
15. Even though they are within the same local time reference, Anna,
Tim and Bob are in the past for the hydrogen atom. Analyzing the
passage of time, including the hydrogen atom, it can be seen that the
time of the four objects passes at the same rate, according to the
local time reference.
16. This hydrogen atom has one electron in its electron cloud.
According to quantum mechanics, there is a probability of around 90%
that the electron will be found at a distance equal to Bohr's radius.
17. By convention, the electron has a negative charge and the proton in
the nucleus has a positive charge. Between these charges there is a
centripetal Coulomb force from the point of reference of the electron.
18. This negatively-charged electron has a given rotation around the
nucleus, necessary to keep it away from the positively-charged nucleus.
This centrifugal force counters the centripetal force.
19. We are aware of using the atomic model from the old quantum theory.
This was motivated partly by the abstract language of quantum
mechanics, and chiefly by the need for a way of visualizing the
process, which would otherwise be impossible.
20. The old quantum theory, by means of significantly simpler
mathematical processes, can give certain numerically correct results,
chiefly for the hydrogen atom, thus allowing a more accessible physical
interpretation.
21. We can establish the idea of direction for time if we consider that
time passes more slowly in the electron cloud, as a result of the time
dilation described by Special Relativity for objects at speeds close to
the speed of light. One of the properties of atoms is thus to polarize
the time of the nucleus towards the future, thus standardizing a
direction for time.
22. At a given instant, with Anna, Tim and Bob in the condition of
observation systems for this hydrogen atom, the electron of this atom
is located at a different distance from each one.
23. We should bear in mind that any observation system will consist of
a large number of atoms and that these will have their own respective
nuclei and electron clouds. These atoms also define their own local
time reference, through the temporal identification of their nuclei.
24. The geometric center of the nucleus has the greatest concentration
of mass (with densities around 1018 kg/m3). Experimentally, it has been
shown that protons and neutrons concentrate a great deal of mass in a
small spherical volume (measured in cubic Fm, or 10-15m3).
25. Bearing in mind steps 22, 23 and 24, it can be seen that the
electron has a temporal behavior with wave characteristics, a temporal
wave that is different for each observation system (Anna, Tim and Bob,
in this case). This wave oscillates between a near past and a near
future, progressing around the local time reference.
26. The observation systems are distributed in 3-dimensional space, and
the wave, when projected in 2 dimensions, has a sine form around the
local time reference. Imagined in space, it forms a helix.
27. According to Louis de Broglie, both matter and radiation have a
wave behavior. The total energy is related to a given frequency or
temporal oscillation.
28. The sum of this infinite number of waves (considering an infinite
number of observation systems) is the matter wave that defines an
electron or the electromagnetic wave that defines a photon, as shown by
quantum mechanics. These are the waves of the new quantum theory.
29. For each observation systems, there is a different wave, and it is
this that results in the uncertainty principle. Each observation system
perceives a different temporal reality for the same event. Under the
QTG, this reveals the temporal uncertainty principle.
30. All of quantum theory is based on the uncertainty principle, while
the QTG replaces it with the temporal uncertainty principle. This in no
way invalidates the powerful mathematical structure of quantum
mechanics.
31. In the QTG, the introduction of the temporal uncertainty principle
aims to describe physical reality at a deeper level, to counter the
merely statistical interpretations of quantum mechanics and to show
that the variables that are hidden from us are, in fact, only undefined
in time, between a near past and a near future.
32. We therefore conclude that the temporal wave of this electron is
none other than the waveform manifestation of its temporal behavior, in
relation to the local time of the surrounding macrostructure.
33. So far, we have only analyzed the electron while it is associated
with the hydrogen atom. Once dispersed, this electron will continue to
exhibit wave behavior, because it will continue to have different
temporal information for each observation system.
34. This dispersed electron acquired its wave characteristics in its
atom of origin, while orbiting the nucleus, as determined by its
quantum numbers. Now, however, the electron no longer oscillates around
the nucleus, but around the local time reference.
35. Considering that this electron, when in the atom, was temporally
dependent on the entire macrostructure surrounding it, its dispersed
behavior should have a certain coherence with this macrostructural
interference, and this is why its temporal indefinition persists.
36. For this dispersed electron, its reference is no longer its
nucleus, but the nuclei of all the atoms or microcosms that make up the
surrounding macrostructure.
37. Experimentally, it can be seen that atoms are stable. That is,
these electrons do not emit electromagnetic radiation when within the
atoms, even under acceleration. Their energy thus remains constant.
38. Within atoms, the electrical charges are neutralized, which is not
the case when an electron is dispersed in the macrocosm, but it is not
known why electromagnetism only occurs in the macrocosm.
39. As the nucleus is identified with the local time reference or
present, while the electron is constantly out of phase with it, we can
see that the electron does not radiate energy beyond the atom while
associated with the nucleus, because its temporal identification with
the macrocosm beyond the atom is through that same nucleus.
40. To date, no reasonable physical explanation exists for the
functioning of the atom. Here, I refer to the continuous and persistent
motion of these electrons around the nucleus. The electrons are
attracted to the nucleus, but it is not known why they do not spiral
into it.
41. On the one hand, the QTG attributes this impossibility of the
electrons being intercepted by the nucleus to the particles' lack of
temporal definition. On the other hand, the QTG states that it is the
continuous, uninterrupted motion of the particles' is the result of
their search for temporal equilibrium in relation to the local time
reference.
42. We know that, depending on the point of reference of the observer,
there is an asymmetry in electromagnetic phenomena.
43. In order to understand this, let us imagine a perfectly isolating
rod, with a metallic sphere at each end, one positively-charged
(lacking electrons) and one negatively-charged (with an excess of
electrons).
44. By means of a cable attached to the middle of the rod, a spaceship
pull this system at constant velocity through completely empty
interstellar space.
45. An observer at a point of reference in the spaceship perceives only
a Coulomb force attracting the two spheres.
46. Another observer, at a stationary point of reference at a certain
distance from where the spaceship passes, perceives not only the
Coulomb force, but also forces of electromagnetic origin resulting from
the relative motion of the electric charges.
47. We can therefore conclude that two equal and opposite electric
charges, separated by a given distance and in constant parallel motion,
will experience different attractive forces according to observers at
different points of reference.
48. If we analyze the hydrogen atom and compare the electron-proton
pair with the rod seen in Steps 42 to 47, we can see that, if the
proton were fixed or static in some ideally centralized location in the
nucleus (as in Step 14), no external observer would perceive these
forces of electromagnetic origin.
49. However, we know that this ideal situation is not an exact
representation of reality, as we must take into account the oscillation
of the proton around its local time reference, resulting from the
necessity that any particle experiences of constantly identifying
itself with the present. As seen in Steps 22 to 26, the location of
this present time is very relative.
50. In order to understand the motion that the protons must undergo in
order to reach equilibrium with the present, we should perform a mental
experiment, imagining two protons connected by an imaginary cable in a
hypothetical empty space, monitored by n observation systems, equally
spaced around them.
51. We should consider that that it is easier for paired particles to
achieve temporal symmetry. This can be observed experimentally for
electrons, protons and neutrons in atoms, which is why the most stable
atoms are those with the famed magic numbers of pairs.
52. We know that the theory of nuclear shells provides that the protons
and neutrons in an atomic nucleus will be paired, with a total spin of
zero (spin (+½h) + spin (-½h) = 0). This is because, according to
the Pauli exclusion principle that governs the orbital structure, these
two protons or neutrons cannot have all of their four quantum numbers
equal.
53. We know that the first three quantum numbers are needed to describe
the location in three-dimensional space or the spatial coordinates,
while the fourth is needed to describe temporal orientation.
54. When these protons are observed from any angle in three dimensions,
the same point of equilibrium can always be found between the spheres
for any given observer.
55. Any observation system will always perceive two protons, with the
differences found to be restricted to the distances between them. We
exclude the case of the observers that, due to the eclipse of one of
the protons, observe a single proton, because here we have the same
equilibrium found in the ideal case of a single proton.
56. The point of equilibrium will be the average of the times taken by
a hypothetical signal to cover the distance from the protons to any
observer equidistant from the observed system, as was seen for the atom
in Steps 22 to 26.
57. On the other hand, if we add a third proton (or any odd number of
protons), a three-dimensional analysis will never give a point of
temporal equilibrium, excluding the two cases in which the system of
three spheres is directly in line with the observation system.
58. It is easier to understand this temporal equilibrium experiment if
we imagine a complete external observation system, which defines the
local time carrier and imposes this local present on the pair of
spheres.
59. It is for this reason that atomic nuclei that contain an even
number of protons and neutrons result in more stable structures, as
they have better temporal symmetry.
60. Considering that this proton is not ideally at rest, we can now
verify the effect of the rod (as seen in Steps 42 to 49) for any
observer external to this atom or microcosm.
61. We can affirm that there are forces of electromagnetic origin,
found in the atoms, that are relative and dependent on the point of
reference of the external observer. That is, the same atom will
theoretically present each observer with a different set of force
vectors.
62. The perception of these forces by observers external to the atom
depends directly on the velocity and angle of the electrical charges in
motion. In the case of an atom, we know that the electron in the
electron cloud has a velocity far greater than that of the proton in
the nucleus.
63. The electron generates a greater electromagnetic field because of
its greater velocity, and induces a far greater force in the proton.
The asymmetry of these forces is relative, as shown previously, because
it is only perceived by observers external to this microsystem.
64. Bearing in mind what we have seen in Steps 42 to 47, we should
remember that the electromagnetic attractive force between these
opposite charges will not be direct, as would be the case with charges
of the same polarity. The resultant force vector of the electron should
take into account the Coulomb force of attraction, which acts directly
along the line that joins the two charges.
65. Einstein established the equivalence between the forces of gravity
and inertia, but was unable to explain natural gravity, that is, the
difference between inertia (artificial gravity) and natural gravity.
66. Given that it is possible to generate inertia or gravity
artificially, and this implies that gravity or natural inertia also has
an origin.
67. We know that inertia is the result of the application of a force on
a mass, but we could also say that inertia is the property that a mass
has when resisting a force.
68. It has been shown, both theoretically and experimentally, that the
intensity of gravity (or natural inertia) influences the velocity of
the passage of time or interferes with the rate at which time advances.
This affects all processes, biological, chemical and especially
physical.
69. Given that gravity has such an influence on time, or on the passage
of time, it seems plausible that it has some co-participation in the
actual existence of time, because when one thing manages to affect
another in this way, we have good reason to suspect some form of
complicity.
70. We could consider atoms as clocks that measure the passage of time
with great efficiency, because they maintain the constant and
uninterrupted oscillation of the electrons within them.
71. When an atom is within a gravitational field, this field has a
direct influence on the rate of electron oscillation.
72. We know that atoms are stable, regardless of the intensity of the
gravity they experience. That is, the internal forces of the atom must
adapt themselves to every location, such that the atomic microsystem
remains stable.
73. Let us imagine a truly minimal universe consisting of a single
hydrogen atom.
74. In this minimal universe, there will be no gravitational influence
external to the atom. If any gravity exists, it will only be that of
the atom itself.
75. In this universe, as seen in Steps 42 to 50, there will be no
external observer to detect any asymmetry of electromagnetic origin,
and there will thus be a perfect equilibrium between the forces related
to the atom's electrical charges.
76. Being without an external observation system, this universe will
have no point of reference. This means there is no privileged location
to be the present.
77. The electron, due to its lack of temporal indefinition, will have
no reason to oscillate around the proton, because this particle will
not necessarily represent the present. This universe will end up
collapsing.
78. An electron in an atomic orbit is therefore influenced by the
gravity of the location (as shown in Steps 69 to 71) to move in a
different manner, so as to adjust itself to the local flow of time, or
to move within the flow of time, modulated by the local gravity.
79. The macrocosm therefore establishes an induction on the flow of the
time of the atom, resulting in its relative stability. The entire
macrostructure around the atom is thus involved in the equilibrium of
its electrons.
80. We know that the stability of an atom depends directly on the
equilibrium of its internal forces. The electrons should experience a
centripetal Coulomb force exactly equal to the centrifugal force in
order to have atomic stability (see Steps 17 and 18).
81. In an atom, we have masses in motion and subject to the postulates
of special relativity, due to their relative velocities.
82. The atom's electron is subject to special relativity, as a result
of its velocity, in addition to being subject to general relativity, as
a result of its centrifugal force (see Step 18).
83. On the one hand, if we take into account the postulates of special
and general relativity in calculating the atomic forces, we see that
the atom is in perfect equilibrium, because the Coulomb force is
exactly equal to the centrifugal force.
84. On the other hand, if we include the problem of the lack of
symmetry in the electromagnetic phenomena into the calculations of
these forces, we will in fact find a small disequilibrium.
85. The electron, in its point of reference, must make up for this
difference in the forces in order to maintain atomic stability. For
this to happen, its orbital velocity must be reduced or increased. This
velocity must, in some way, be modulated by space-time.
86. As the macrocosmic time reference resides in the nucleus and it is
through the nucleus that the atom identifies itself with the local time
reference, this difference in the forces is only perceived by observers
external to the atom, or by the macrocosm.
87. This residual is gravity or natural inertia, which is only
perceived by objects in the macrocosm.
88. We can conclude that this perception of a force without mass -
gravity - is an energy of electromagnetic origin, which, because it
has the macrocosm as its point of reference, is converted into
gravitational energy as a result of this relative time reference and is
transmitted to the macrocosm through the atomic nuclei.
89. Given that the electrical charges of the atoms are neutralized,
these electrons, being in an equilibrium established by the macrocosm,
do not radiate electromagnetic waves beyond the microsystem.
90. Electromagnetism, which theoretically exists within atoms, is not
manifested externally, because this electromagnetic energy is seen in
the macrocosm in the form of gravitational energy, which is a
consequence of the relative time reference imposed by the macrocosm
itself.
91. It is important to remember that the gravitational force obeys the
inverse square law of distance, as does the Coulomb force. In fact,
gravity acquires this characteristic at this origin, in addition to
possessing the same velocity as electromagnetic waves.
92. We can therefore say that the gravitational field is formed by the
inertia vectors generated by the electron shadows, when these forces
are referenced to the atomic nuclei.
93. These vectors are a relativistic residual of the forces that reach
equilibrium after the neutralization of the electrical charges, a force
without mass, perceived only outside the atom.
94. We can also affirm that the gravitational field thus generated, as
described by the QTG, has the same characteristics as the classical
gravitational field. In one, the mass of the object is responsible,
while in the other (the QTG), it is the electrons of the atoms of that
object that are responsible. The result is equivalent, or the principle
of equivalence itself.
95. The natural tendency of any massive particle is to identify itself
with present time, as seen in Step 37, but this present time is defined
by the sum of the atoms at that location.
96. A dispersed electron will be subject to the conditions of
space-time, and will therefore exhibit wave characteristics, modulated
by space-time or by the entire system responsible for generating
gravity around it, the macrocosm.
97. This dispersed electron will now attempt to identify itself with
the local time reference of this macrocosm. The macrocosm thus
influences the behavior of the electron, as indeed the electron
influences the macrocosm.
98. This is where we have the electromagnetic waves that radiate
energy. Because the electron is no longer in tune with a single point
of reference, but with the entire macrocosm around it, and which can
now perceive it.
99. This is why only dispersed electrons can generate electromagnetic
fields in the macrocosm, because the macrocosm itself becomes the point
of reference. These electrons are no longer part of the formation of
space-time and no longer contribute to the generation of gravity. Just
as this electron took part, indirectly, in the generation of the
vectors of natural inertia or gravity that gave consistency to
space-time, so now, in its dispersed state, it is subject to the
consequences of the space-time that it no longer sustains.
100. We can now understand why the energy of the electron, which was
formerly gravitational, is transformed into electromagnetic form once
dispersed.
Have a nice day,
Rolf
In the Quantum Theory of Gravity - "QTG" we will demonstrate how
the gravity can be found in atoms and the importance of time.
Further details:
http://rolfguthmann.sites.uol.com.br/English/index.html or
http://www.geocities.com/rolfguthmann/
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