Re: 100 Years of E=mc2
- From: "helloworld" <dadster@xxxxxxxxx>
- Date: 7 Sep 2006 22:19:36 -0700
I have the following idea about the eqn E = mc ^2 for you to consider
in rlation to dark energy or, lets say, energies from matter available
in regions E > mc ^ 2 .This is relevent in two applications
(1)supra-dimensional energies.at superluminal velocities.and, (2) as a
possible region for the so called dark energies associated with dark
matter .I shall be thankful for your views .I havent been able to
copy the graph . ( perhaps I dont know the copying protocol or this
site do not permit it ) But its simple to visualise the graph of a
strightline equation and to follow the reasoning even without the
graph.
so here we go
these are my blog on dark energy / dark matter.
Thought that you may be an interested party .
..
I wrote this down in the order in which it came to my mind.
please tolerate some repititions
From elementary considerations,
There are the following three regions in the linear graph associated
with the relationship, e=mc^2 ; 'c' being constant vel of light in
vacuum.and, is taken as =186,000 miles per sec,in 4-D space-time.
(1). e > mc ^ 2 (2). e < mc ^ 2 and, (3). e = mc ^ 2, which
demarcates the boundary between regions (1) & (2).
Area (1) exists,even in the first quadrant ,because c ^ 2 (ie, 186000 ^
2),is NOT infinity. Its [ atan(infinity)] ie, (inverse- tan infinity)
which is 90 degrees.Hence, [atan( 186000 ^ 2)], is < 90 degrees.If
space is continious, then, the space between e-axis and the line e=mc ^
2 exists, even if it be less than planck length. ( Planck length is
applicable only where we can consider space existing as lumps of
discontinous quanta).
[As the slope of the line e=mc ^ 2 is,[taninverse (3.4566 x 10^10)] =
tan inverse (1,86,000^2) = 89.99999.....9s recurring ad
infinitum....... degrees,or, say,(90-$) degrees, where,$>0.(angle $
could be called Planck angle, but the point made is still valid)] .
This implies that, for events in this region where e > mc ^ 2,'C'
cannot be taken as a constant but has to be greater than 186,000. An
element of this 'slice' of an area in the graph,is associated with
every mass 'm'.For negative masses and for negative energies,(ie,for
non-electromagnetic masses and energies) represented in the third
quadrant ,this area in the graph above the line e=mc ^ 2 dominates and
is much more significant too .
The fact that the equation e=mc ^ 2 has no existence in the fourth and
second quadrant of the cartesan graph may be interpreted as equivalent
to the physical fact that there is no positive energies associated with
negative EM mass and no negative energies associated with positive EM
mass. This is the limitation of energies whose source is EM mass and
not the limitation of universes that are not based on EM mass and EM
energies.
Therefore, this forms the basis of our postulation that there exists
velocities C*, much higher than that of light . This is the basis of
postulating negative mass and negative energy too. We further postulate
that C* will not be a constant.C* will be a variable quantity.
Not only that, we postulate that C* varies as the dimensions of the
universe in which certain events occur. C* is a function of the
dimension of a universe.
One value of C* is 'c' which remains constant in a 3-D universe like
that of ours.
Any velocity 'v' less than 'c' or, any velocity C*, more than 'c',
cannot remain a constant , unless forced by 'external' forces to do
so. 'c' is the only possible velocity that is independent of "time'
..'c' is the limiting velocity in 3-D Electromagnetic space.
For the propogation of EM waves we need all of the three orthogonal
dimensions. That forms the basis and rationale of our electromagnetic
space being of 3 dimensions.'Time'is just an artificial man-made
mathematical artifact to take measurements of changes .Its just an
artificial virtual backdrop.
The evolution of space in a 'sequential' order with a constant velocity
is taken as 'time'.This sequence is applicable only to the
electromagnetic beings which constitute our universe.That is why energy
in this universe is a linear function of lumpen mass( or,rest mass)
alone. On either side of our universe,be it at the level of microcosm
or of the macrocosm, only multiverses and multidimensionalities can
exist, in which velocities ( ie, changes in space measured with respect
to time) vary chaotically and, non-linearity reigns.
When 'm' is small, this area e > mc ^ 2 tends to be zero in the first
quadrant , until 'm' becomes negative.When 'm' becomes negative (
energies will also become negative), most of the occurances will have
to acquire velocities greater than C. because the area e>mc ^ 2 opens
up and expands vastly in the third quadrant. Events will vanish out of
our 3 dimensional universe into universes of varying superluminal
velocities.The nearest to a mass-less medium that we can imagine is
our own mind and, may be, the heightened awareness of a cosmic
consciousness.
But when 'm' becomes large and assumes the 'mass'of a family of
galaxies or of the entire "Electromagnetic matter" in the universe,the
energies associated with 'm' in the regions (1),in the first quadrant
itself, will also tend to be substantial. In region (1) it is C* that
is applicable and not'c'
Now it has become obvious that dark energgy or dark matter exists in
the region (1) ,where C* is applicable.
What should then be the power to which C* ought to be raised ?( we have
hazarded a suggestion , later in the recapitulation stage.).
Now, C*, is a variable quantity of the order of say,10^100 to 10 ^1000
which is the speed of that entity which has superluminal varying
velocities.
The max limit of 'v' is 'c',whereas 'c'is the minimum limit of C* .No
max limit for C* is postulated .We can assign C* those values that
suits the experimental measurements or calcuated values of the 'Dark
energy'. This is the basis of the fact that the effects of dark energy
being discernible when we consider events at the level of the
formation and motion of clusters of galaxies only and not at the level
of single galaxies .
The analogy of the straightline graph reveals also that at the level
of the microcosm, ie when 'm'is non-negligibly small, the events can
occur only very close to the speed of 'c' .
In the regions where e > mc ^ 2 energies are NOT conserved, much like
in the quantum worlds where energies can be spontaneously created and
destroyed too.
Of course 'matter' or 'energies ' at this range and scale are obviously
beyond the pale of 4-D space-time and hence Dark Matter to us in the
dimensions in which we operate.
e=mc ^ 2 is the maximum electromagnetic energy available in 3-D space
from electromagnetic mass. Energies which are beyond electromagnetic
range will manifest in 4-D as effects without revealing its source and
hence remain for ever "dark' to us.
To recaptulate, In the linear graph, in the cartesan plane, of the eqn
e = mc^2, or, of ,y= x.1860000 ^ 2 sketched .as green dotted line,
below
in regions 2,where e < mc^2
-------------
the energies extractable from mass 'm' at velocities 'v' less than 'c'
is rather given by the relationship e = 1/2 mv^2.where 'v' is a
variable velocity. To extract the maximum energy from mass 'm' it
has to be speeded near to the velocity 'c'.In a gravitational field
you may like to add 'mgh' too for the potential energy component.
where, 'v' < 'c', But at velocities ='c' gravitational potential plays
no role as matter ( in its rest mass format) gets converted to
massless ( inertia-less), radiating energy waves.
In region 3,
------------
since 'c' is constant,the equality e = mc^2 holds. This energy is the
maximum (ELECTORMAGNETIC) energy that could be eked out of a mass
'm'and is always greater than any
[mgh + 1/2 mv^2], where v < 'c'.
In region 1 above,where e > mc^2
-----------
the velocity c* of mass'm' is always greater than 'c', and, c* is
variable too ,
In this super region,the energy mass conversion formulae can even be of
the form e= mc*^(d-1) where 'd' is a function of the dimensions of the
universe under consideration .
For d=3 for example, c*=c and d=3.yeilding the eqn e=mc^2 for the
universe with dimension 3.Here we take 'c' as a constant velocity of EM
waves ,as observed from experimental results such as the total heat,
light and radiation and residual mass energy outputs as measured when
an atomic particle is split .Whenever we calculate 'c' backwards from
any of these experiments we get a constant value for 'c',if the
dimensions of the universe in which we take the measurements is 3.
for dimension 10 universe , for example, the "dark"energy asociated
with each bit of the rest mass'm' ( as observed in our 3-D universe)
would be e= mc*^9, the variable value of C* in the superluminal
velocity region is assigned to tally with the observational results
gathered. Alternately, here we have a method of determinating the
dimension of the universe in which we have to account for the
darkmatter which we find experimentally, or by calcuation.
With this postulate, for region 1, we can account for the mass-energy
of dark matter . Dark energy is not conserved as the energies in the
two regions 2 & 3.
Depending on experimental observational facts , we can now account for
any amount of dark energy discerened ('measured'indirectly , of course)
in any part of the universe,because, we can assign any arbitrary value
for the superluminal velocities raging in that region where e > mc^2 .
that of 'observation',we can determine the dimensionality of the spaceFrom the values used to obtain the results of calculation to agree with
or the scale at which the event, whose tell-tale signs we 'measured'
in our universe , actually occurred.
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these are my blog on dark energy / dark matter.
Thought that you may be an interested party .
About the concept of Dark matter ;quotng from Wikepedia
..(U May skip this 2 paras of quotation, as you know all that)..
after that, its all my 'original" thinking.
The two paras from wikepedia :
"In cosmology, dark matter refers to matter particles, of unknown
composition, that do not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic
radiation to be detected directly, but whose presence may be inferred
from gravitational effects on visible matter such as stars and
galaxies. Dark matter explains several anomalous astronomical
observations, such as anomalies in the rotational speed of galaxies
(the galaxy rotation problem). Estimates of the amount of matter
present in galaxies, based on gravitational effects, consistently
suggest that there is far more matter than is directly observable".
again from WP: "The dark matter component has vastly more mass than the
"visible" component of the universe . At present, the density of
ordinary baryons and radiation in the universe is estimated to be
equivalent to about one hydrogen atom per cubic meter of space. Only
about 4% of the total energy density in the universe (as inferred from
gravitational effects) can be seen directly. About 22% is thought to
be composed of dark matter. The remaining 74% is thought to consist of
dark energy, an even stranger component, distributed diffusely in
space. Some hard-to-detect baryonic matter (see baryonic dark matter)
makes a contribution to dark matter, but constitutes only a small
portion. Determining the nature of this missing mass is one of the
most important problems in modern cosmology and particle physics. Its
urgency is underlined by David B. Cline in a 2003 article in
Scientific American, in which he writes: "The terms . . . 'dark matter'
and 'dark energy,' serve mainly as expressions of our ignorance"
Now on, its all me :
We can enlighten our ignorance to some extend by the following lines
of thought.
From elementary considerations,
There are the following three regions in the linear graph associated
with the relationship, e=mc ^ 2 ; 'c' being constant vel of light
in vacuum.and, is taken as =186,000 miles per sec,in 4-D space-time.
(1). e > mc ^ 2
(2). e < mc ^ 2 and,
(3). e = mc ^ 2, which demarcates the boundary between regions (1) &
(2).
Area (1) exists,even in the first quadrant ,because c ^ 2 (ie, 186000 ^
2),is NOT infinity. Its [ atan(infinity)] ie, (inverse - tan infinity)
which is 90 degrees.Hence, [atan( 186000 ^ 2)], is < 90 degrees.If
space is continious, then, the space between e-axis and the line e=mc
^ 2 exists, even if it be less than planck length ,when mas is
subatomic.. ( Planck length is applicable only where we can consider
space existing as lumps of discontinous quanta).
[As the slope of the line e=mc ^ 2 is,[taninverse (3.4566 x 10 ^ 10)]=
tan inverse (1,86,000^2) = 89.99999.....9s recurring ad
infinitum....... degrees,or, say,(90-$) degrees, where,$>0.(angle $
could be called Planck angle for microcosmic mass, but the point made
is still valid)] .
This implies that, for events in this region where e > mc ^ 2,'C'
cannot be taken as a constant but has to be greater than 186,000. An
element of this 'slice' of an area in the graph,is associated with
every mass 'm'.For negative masses and for negative energies,(ie,for
non-electromagnetic masses and non-electromagnetic energies)
represented in the third quadrant ,this area in the graph above the
line e=mc ^ 2 dominates and is much more significant too .
This accounts for the possibility of dark matter at the extreme levels
of both MACHOs and WIMPS ( ie, Brayonc and non-baryonic ; or
Electromagnetic and non-electromagnetic ranges of mass / energy).The
region of the MACHOs could be the first qudrant area above e=mc ^ 2
,in the region e>mc ^ 2 and, of WIMPS is in the third quadrant space
in the area e>mc ^ 2 above the line e=mc ^ 2.
The fact that the equation e=mc ^ 2 has no existence in the fourth and
second quadrant of the cartesan graph may be interpreted as equivalent
to the physical fact that there is no positive energies associated
with negative EM mass and no negative energies associated with
positive EM mass. This is the limitation of energies whose source is
EM mass and not the limitation of universes not based on EM mass and
EM energies.
Therefore, this forms the basis of our postulation that there exists
velocities C*, much higher than that of light . This is the basis of
postulating negative mass and negative energy too. We further
postulate that C* will not be a constant.C* will be a variable
quantity.
Not only that, we postulate that C* varies as the dimensions of the
universe in which certain events occur.
C* is a function of the dimension of a universe.
One value of C* is 'c' which remains constant in a 3-D universe like
that of ours.
Any velocity 'v' less than 'c' or, any velocity C*, more than 'c',
cannot remain a constant , unless forced by 'external' forces to do
so. 'c' is the only possible velocity that is independent of "time'
in a 3 dimensional universe..'c' is the limiting velocity of 3-D
Electromagnetic space..
For the propogation of EM waves we need all of the three orthogonal
dimensions. no more , no less. That forms the basis and rationale of
our electromagnetic space being of 3 dimensions.'Time'is just an
artificial man-made mathematical artifact to take measurements of
changes .Its just an artificial virtual backdrop.
The evolution of space in a 'sequential' order with a constant velocity
is taken as ' time' in 3 dimensional universe..'Time' is just like one
of the qualities of our universe.This sequence is applicable only to
the electromagnetic beings and entities which are the constitutuents
of our universe.
In an open system, which the cosmos is, there is nothing absolute
about this quality ,we call 'time'. The term 'Cosmos", we use here,
to embrace all types of universes , multiverses mathematically real,
physically existing in 3 dimensions, and mathematically imaginary too.
That is why energy in our 3dimensional universe, is a linear function
of lumpen mass( or,rest mass) alone. On either side of our
universe,be it at the level of microcosm or of the macrocosm, only
multiverses and multidimensionalities can exist, in which velocities (
ie, changes in space measured with time) vary chaotically and,
non-linearity reigns.
When 'm' is small, this area e > mc ^ 2 tends to be zero,until 'm'
becomes negative. When 'm' becomes negative ( energies will also
become negative), most of the occurances will have to acquire
velocities greater than C. because the area e > mc ^ 2 opens up and
expands vastly. Events will vanish out of our 3 dimensional universe
into universes of varying superluminal velocities. The nearest to a
mass-less medium that we can imagine is our own mind and, may be, the
heightened awareness of a cosmic consciousness.
But when 'm' becomes large and assumes the 'mass'of a family of
galaxies or of the entire "Electromagnetic matter" in the universe,the
energies associated with 'm' in the regions (1),(2) and (3),in the
first quadrant itself, will also tend to be substantial.
In region (1) it is C* that is applicable and not'c'.In region(2) it
is 'v' that is applicable and not 'c'. Nearer to region (2) ie,nearer
to the boundary-line separaing regions 1 and 3 , is when 'c' is
applicable. The maximum EM-energy extractable from lumpen mass'm'in a
three dimensional universe is equal to mc ^ 2.
Now, it has become obvious that dark energgy or dark matter exists in
the region (1) ,where C* is applicable.
What should then be the power to which C* ought to be raised to get
the rate of exchange between mass and energy , in this region ?
Now, C*, is a variable quantity of the order of say,10 ^ 100 to 10 ^
1000 , which is the speed of that entity which has superluminal
varying velocities. But in this time-less , space-less and mass-less,
so to say, " Cosmic Consciousness Region" of energies and heightened
"awareness" only , we have to redefine the term meaning of 'speed'
itself .We may have to invent new mathematics language and processes
that have no analogies in our 3dimensional universe..Thats a different
excercise altogether and not covered in this discussion.
The max limit of 'v', in the region e < mc ^ 2 is 'c', whereas 'c'is
the minimum limit of C* .No max limit for C* is postulated .We can
assign C* those values that suits the experimental measurements or
calcuated values of the 'Dark energy'. This is the basis of the fact
that the effects of dark energy being discernible to us only when we
consider events at the level of the formation and motion of clusters
of galaxies and, not at the level of even single galaxies .
The analogy of the straightline graph reveals also that at the level
of the microcosm, ie when 'm' is negligibly small, the events can
occur only very close to the speed of 'c' ; as at the subatomic ranges
theres no sufficient space possible ( see the graph below) in the
region, e < mc ^ 2.
In the regions where e > mc ^ 2, energies are NOT conserved, much
like in the quantum worlds where energies can be spontaneously created
and destroyed too.
Of course 'matter' or 'energies ' at this range and scale are obviously
beyond the pale of 4-D space-time and hence Dark Matter to us in the
dimensions in which we operate.
e=mc ^ 2 is the maximum electromagnetic energy available in 3-D space
from electromagnetic mass. Energies which are beyond electromagnetic
range will manifest in 4-D as effects without revealing its source and
hence remain for ever "dark' to us.
To recaptulate, ( AT THE COST OF SOME REPITITIONs ) In the linear
graph in the cartesan plane of the eqn e = mc ^ 2, or, of ,y= x .
1860000^2 , sketched .as a green broken line, below;
('x' axis showing mass and ,'y' axis showing energy. slope of the
broken line in green, in degrees , is = [tan-inverse(186000^2)]. Note
" there is plenty f area for higher forms of non-EM energies to exist
in the region e > mc ^ 2 and, hardly any area when mass is subatomic
nearer zero in the region e < mc ^ 2.
Note: In the plotted graph below , the point ( 2.9 , 1x10 ^11 ) ,
shown by the intersection of the two dotted black vertical and
horizontal lines is, almost exact to the calcuated value (using e=mc ^
2), for a mass of 2.9 gms, the maximum extractable energy is 1.02x10^11
energy-units. The unextractable non-electromagnetic energy equivalent,
lying above it ,for the same mass is much more.
And, it is this energy thats a likely candidate for "Dark Energy".
The quantity of DARK ENERGY associated with a mass of 2.9 units, in
universes of various dimensions can also be calculated ( read out from
this graph )..
the same graph of y = x.(3.4566x10 ^ 10), in log scale is as below.
in regions 2,where e < mc ^ 2
the energies extractable from mass 'm' at velocities 'v' less than 'c'
is rather given by the relationship e = 1/2 mv^2.where 'v' is a
variable velocity. To extract the maximum energy from mass 'm' it
has to be speeded near to the velocity 'c'. In a gravitational
field you may like to add 'mgh' too for the potential energy
component. where, 'v' < 'c'. But at velocities ='c' gravitational
potential plays no role as matter ( in its rest mass format) gets
converted to massless ( inertia-less), radiating energy waves.
In region 3, where = mc ^ 2
since 'c' is constant,the equality e = mc^2 holds. This energy is the
maximum energy that could be eked out of a mass 'm'and is always
greater than any
[mgh + 1/2 mv^2], where v < 'c'.
In region 1 above, where e > mc ^ 2
In this region, the velocity C* of mass 'm' is always greater than 'c',
and, C* is variable too ,
In this super region,the energy mass conversion formulae can still be
of the form e = m C* ^ 2 , where C * = [c ^ ( K D-1) / 2] where 'k' is
the scaling factor charcteristic to the dimensions of the universe
under consideration. The value of 'K' is to be determined from
experimental observations. . 'D' is the dimensions of the universe
under consideration . For 3 dimensional universe k=unity. the value of
the scaling factor k coud be a complex number too . Dimensions of '
higher ' universes could be fractional or imaginary Also, K could
approx be given the value, ( C / C* ).,
For example, from the graph above, we find that for a mass of 2.9 mass
units , one of the corresponding energy reading is, 2 x (10 ^ 11)
energy units .
Note that the maximum energy derivable from a mass of 2.9 units is
only 1 X (10 ^ 11) enrgy units.in a 3 dimensional Electromagnetic
universe, when we calcuate using the mass-energy exchange rate .mc ^ 2
Therefore , the dark energy component associated with a mass of 2,9
mass units = [.2 x (10 ^ 11) energy units ,minus 1 X (10 ^ 11.energy
units ]
= (1 X 10 ^ 11 ) energy units.
The speed element C* here in this higher universe, works out to be
2,62,612.87 mps ( from the approximate relationship, 2 x 10 ^11 = 2.9
(C*) ^ 2.)..
We have now a way of calculating the dimensions f the universe, in
which this much dark energy is generated by this much of mass. .
For lack of observational data at this range of C*, we assume that the
charcteristic constant of proportioanlity ' k' =1 ( or nearly unity, as
the region under cnsideration is not far away from the line e =mc ^ 2
applicable for 3dimensions.where we take k=unity). Then we can
calculate the dimension where this energy 2x(10 ^11) could be extracted
from 2.9 mass units. We get that such a dimension, D, is near to 3.057
( a fractal higher dimension higher than 3).,from the relationship e =
m X ( C* ^ 2) where C* =C ^ [ (D-1) /2 ] ^2.
Alternately, we can say that for a mass of 2.9 mass units, the energy
associated with it up to ( 1 X 10 ^ 11) energy unts could be extracted
in 3 dimensional space .But almost an equal amt of energy is associated
with the same amount of mass in 3.057 dimensions .In hogher dimensions
than that the energy available from the same mass of 2.9 units
increases exponentially the effects of which would leave their
tell-tale marks in our 3 dimensional universe also..It could even be
possible that , "measured " Dark Energy may pertain to energies
associated with non-fractal higher dimensions, only..Energies
associated with fractal dimensions may not have effects on universes
with integral dimensions at all.
All of the possible enrgy-states beyond (1 x 10 ^ 11) energy units
just in the one case of a mass of 2.9 units is actually missed out by
us. But, If we THINK that we are missing out only 96 % of the total
energy density ( see wikepaedia quote above) then we can easily see
that we can only be aware of universes of .D.. dimensions and not
beyond that or, that perhaps gravitational energy range is only from
universes of that many dimensions; Beyond of those dimensions we can
get no clue whatsoever regarding energy ;atleast that of the
gravitational denomination.
D imension "D" at that range for a mass of 2.9 units can be calculated
..as follows :
If , 4 % of the max ' visible ' energy extractable from a mass of
2.9 units is = (1 X 10 ^ 11 ) energy units, then 100 % energy ( incl
dark energy ) available from the same mass of 2.9 mass units is , (
25 X 10 ^ 11 ) energy units.
First calculate C* from the relationship e = m C* ^ 2 { therfore, 25 X
(10 ^ 11) = 2.9 X (C* ) ^ 2 }. . hence,we work out C* = 2.936 X 10 ^
5.5 mps
Now use the relationship C* = c ^ {(Dk-1) / 2} where , K = C / C* ie,
(1.86 X 10 ^ 5 ) / (2.936 X 10 ^ 5.5) = 1/ 4. 999 approx = 1/ 5 say.
hence we work out , D = 16.310
Now, the physical interpretation of this is, that gravity from a
dimension not higher than about 16 dimensions only can have any
effect on the
" measured " density of dark matter associated with a 2.9 units of
mass units , in our universe..
Note :The value of C* is postulated as a constant for a particular
dimension of the universe .For example, for dimension 10, the value of
C* = c ^ (10k-1)/2 , where 'c' is the applicable velocity to our 3-D
universe. Note again that C* here is a constant for the 'D'
dimensional universe, ie, C* = constant value [c ^ {(kD-1) / 2 }]. If,
D=10.then the energy exchange rate for the 10 dimensional universe
is,a constant [{c ^ { (10k-1) / 2} ] ^ 2 ie, for ten dimensional
universe , e ( the maximum extractable energy from a mass 'm') = m(C*)
^ 2 where,. C* being the characteristic constant for any
ten-dimensional unverse.
For D=3 for example, C* = c and d=3;yeilding the eqn e=mc ^ 2 for the
universe with dimension 3.Here we take 'c' as a constant velocity of
EM waves ,as observed from experimental results such as the total
heat, light,sound, and radiation and residual mass energy outputs as
measured when an atomic particle is split,in our 3-D universe.
..Whenever we calculate 'c' backwards from any of these experiments we
get a constant value for 'c',if the dimensions of the universe in
which we take the measurements is 3.
for dimension 10 universe , for example, the "dark"energy asociated
with each bit of the rest mass'm' ( as observed in our 3-D universe)
would be e= m C* ^ 9, the variable value of C* in the superluminal
velocity region is assigned to tally with the observational results
gathered. Alternately, here we have a method of determinating the
dimension of the universe in which we have to account for the
darkmatter which we find experimentally, or by calcuation.
With this postulate, for region 1, we can account for the mass-energy
of dark matter . Dark energy is not a conserved quantity, if we take
atonce all types of universe in all dimensions into account.But dark
energy ( just like normal electromagnetic energy) is conserved for a
universe of any specific dimension, within the bounds of those
dimensions.
Depending on experimental observational facts , we can now account for
any amount of dark energy discerened ('measured'indirectly , of
course) in any part of the universe,because, we can assign any
arbitrary value for the scaling factor, 'k', for the superluminal
velocity regions , where e > mc ^ 2 .
that of 'observation',we can determine the dimensionality of theFrom the values used to obtain the results of calculation to agree with
space or the scale at which the event, whose tell-tale signs we
'measured' in our universe , actually occurred.
I hope I have given you some food for thought .
Dark matter expresses in 3 dimensional Electromagnetic universe thru
its effect on gravitational phenomena. Now, what exactly is
'gravitational energy' , which is certainly not derivable from
Electromagnetic energies ( as is evident from the types of radiating
energies emenating from an atom smashing process indicating that no
gravitational energy can emenate from atom smashing ),is the subject
of my next blog, which I will send you later.
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Gravitational energies or potentials and probabilites.
Just as an indicator of that, i postulate here itself that the
dimension in which 'gravitational energies' operate
'instantaneously', are wide and varied. Gravitational energies are
independent of space-time or even a medium for it to'traverse'.It
doesnt traverse .it is already there pre-existing in the structure of
all dimensions.This means that Gravitational energies are transcedental
to space-time.Their source and origin are not in the 3-D universe at
all.
Gravitational energy shapes both space-time and matter simultaneously
in a tri- symmetric manner, which appears as Space-time curvature (
ie, mass shaping space and, space giving mass its inertia), to the
electromagnetc energies like that of light .This is just the
characteristic effect of gravitational energy applicable to a 3-D
universe as ours, only.The effects of Gravitational energy ( to be
nomenclatured differently for other dimensions) in other dimensions
would certainly be different.
there has to be a single entity which manifests itself as
,'dimensions'; 'gravitational energies or, some other "probabilities
and 'potentialities" which manifests as "electromagnetic waves and
matter"and, even as 'life forms' at suitable conditions.
OR, should there be ? Why cant there be infinite repititions of one
and the same fractal pattern made up of a multiplicity of origins and
forms and strands of varying energies coursing, vibrating and lashing
thru quantum vaccuum that spontaneously ( ie, without the need for any
cause for it to occur; events that transcends causality) manifest
differently in different dimensions yet stringing all of them together
offering networks of instantaneous communications ( instantaneous= that
which requires no time or, time-independent transcedental ) , as if
there is a common origin or source when looked at from
macro-dimensions? Single source and multilitude of sources are the same
and not diffreent except when viewed at diffrent scales.. Isnt zero and
infinity the same , only seemingly different depending on the scale at
which you 'observe'.?
Gravitational potentials could well be one such quantum-strand weaving
itself thru a multiplicity of universes / multiverses existing in
different dimensions .
Now, thats enough food for thought for the day .
physics.einstein@xxxxxxxxx wrote:
100 Years of E=mc2
Book Link :
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1. What is E=mc2 ? What is its importance?
E=mc2 is the most wonderful and significant equation is physics. In
1945 the explosion of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were base
upon this equation. According to this mass (m) can be converted to
energy (E) and energy can be converted to mass.
2. This equation is doing well since past 100 years then where is the
inconsistency?
The inconsistency lies in its mathematical derivation (a method to
obtain a mathematical equation). In his 1905 paper Einstein did not
derive it mathematically but in true sense speculated it. Einstein
earlier derived L = mc2 (light energy mass conversion equation). Then
Einstein speculated that what is true for light energy (L) the same is
true for every energy (E). This speculation results in E=mc2, such a
significant equation must be based upon a specific mathematical
derivation and not on speculation.
3. Is Einstein's derivation of L =mc2 correct?
The derivation of L=mc2 is incomplete or true in special conditions
only. Einstein took just handpicked parameters out of numerous
possible, to obtain the equation. Einstein was aware of the reality so
he left in midway after getting the desired result. If all valid
values of parameters are taken, then results are contradictory in
nature.
4. What are contradictory results?
Some UNDISCUSSED predictions of Einstein's 29 Sep. 1905 derivation
blatantly contradict Law of Conservation of Matter. I have
scientifically confirmed the same. No limitation can be bigger than
this in science.
5. Was E=mc2 or similar ideas existed before Einstein?
Yes, E=mc2 existed before Einstein. An Italian Olinto de Pretto
published E=mc2 in valid scientific journal Lettere ed Atti, Feb. 1904,
two years before Einstein. But Pretto died in 1921, before its
experimental confirmation in nuclear physics.
6. Einstein speculated E=mc2 from L=mc2. What is the problem here?
Firstly derivation of L=mc2 is incomplete or under special conditions
only. Secondly Einstein originated E=mc2 on the basis of speculation
only without any conceptual and mathematical basis. Basically Einstein
replaced L by E in equation L=mc2 to get E=mc2.
7. Then how did you derive new equation, dE =Ac2dm (or DE = Ac2 DM )?
I have derived new equation between mass-energy conservation by simple
calculus method. In dE =Ac2dm, A is a co-efficient of proportionality
like numerous others in science. It is dimensionless variable.
Book Link :
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8. How do you compare these two equations?
Firstly dE =Ac2dm is based upon a conceptual and mathematical
derivation. On the other hand E=mc2 is a speculation, it is bitter
truth. Secondly dE =Ac2dm is a general equation and E=mc2 is its
special case. Energy emitted by new equation can be less, equal to or
more than predicted by E=mc2.
9. How did you justify your equation experimentally?
In Nuclear Physics there are some anomalous results which cannot be
explained by E=mc2 . Like this there are some instances in
astrophysics where my equation is extremely useful.
10. Is your work recognized by international scientific community?
Yes, it is completely recognized, as published in peer review journals.
11 Have you got any recognition certificate from the scientific
community?
The only way to get scientific recognition is that to get the work
published in peer review international journals and conferences. My
research papers are either published in international journals from
America, England and Canada or being published. I have got invitation
from at least 55 International Conferences to present my work. I have
presented my research in international conferences in USA, England,
Germany, Taiwan Ukraine etc. I have invitation from France and Italy
to present my work this year.
12. Can this work be introduced in Schools and colleges?
Yes my wok is scientifically approved in journal in USA, CANADA and
England. Hence it can be so done by any country. IT IS THE IMPORTANCE
OF THE WORK.
13. How do you counter the opposition of the people which has come in
you your way?
Science is the international language. For this, I take seriously the
logical conclusions of the critics. I completely ignore the
irresponsible critics, as they don't exist.
The critics when understand the things become my supporters.
14. What about your book, 100 Years of E=mc2?
This book is being published soon.
It will bring clear and unbiased picture of the facts. Science today
is not the same in 16th or 17th century. We should aim at 22nd or 23rd
century scientific scenarios.
Interviewer Rajesh Thakoor Email mc2.book@xxxxxxxxx
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